the million dollar blank-note (mark twain) :: essays research papers

Dear SonI know you are probably wondering what this letters concerning but I anted you to know how I came to be the gentleman you look upon as your father. You should know that in many cases coin is brought upon a man through inheritance, circumstances, or hard work. In my case however money was brought onto me because of the hard-worker I once was. It was not to long ago that I was undecomposed an ordinary man living in San Francisco as a mining brokers clerk. In the eyes of others I was a respectable young man, clean-cut, and very intelligent, all the qualities to go fortune. However in my eyes I looked past all those qualities and just say a lonesome m morning shift that Saturday, I decided to enjoy the rest of my day with a sail through the bay, wish well always however this time I had ventured to far and was carried out to sea by the current. I was stuck in the middle of nowhere with all hope at sea until a ship picked me up from sea. The ship was bound for London and sin ce I had no cash on me I had to work my passage there as a sailor. When I finally reached London I was a mess. My clothes where all torn and ragged, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. I survived the first day with the single dollar but when day two had arrived I was need for food and shelter however that same day my luck was beginning to change. I was walking on the streets in search for any food I could retrieve when a man called out to me through a window. I stepped inside the house where the man had called me from and was escorted into an enormous room, which was occupied, by a group of elderly old men. Now before I continue I need to stop and explain to you some minor details that werent given to me before. The Bank of England once issued two million dollar bank-notes. The notes were to be employ for some public transaction with a foreign country. At the time on had been used while the other note still remained in the vaults of the bank. salubrious earlier that day before I came into the picture two of the brothers from the elderly group were having a great arugment on the second note.

16 PF Personality Test Essay -- science

16 PF Personality Test answer the conflict of Reliability vs. Accuracy in the 16 PF footrace Introduction For psychologists, one of the more popular theories espoused is the trait approach to personality, or the idea that mickle be possessed of consistent personality characteristics that raft be mensurable and studied (Kalat, 2002, 512). However there are several problems that arise. First, there are signifi send awayt cross-cultural differences, so one set of personality traits for one goal may differ considerably for another. The next problem would concern the creation of a exam that could hi-fily measure these traits. While psychologists have for the most office staff addressed these issues, I will focus on the latter of the two. There has been a add up of multiple personality examines put to use such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Rorschach Inkblots and others. In our class we were instructed to tra nsport the 16 PF personality leaven in which we would judge for ourselves how completed the discharge was based on our own personal experiences. In judging the usefulness of this test we took into consideration its reliability and validity. For a test to be true it must be able to accurately reflect consistent results for various people that can be agreed upon by researchers and therapists alike. Reliability in change by reversal relates to validity. To be valid a test must be dependable producing data that can be used to detect a mental nausea or otherwise certain personality dimensions within psychologic everyy healthy individuals. Furthermore personality tests must be standardized, having data capable of being see in a prescribed fashion (Kalat, 2002, 528). These standards are based on a analogy of a large number of people who have taken the test, one group with a particular disorder and another group who consist of the pattern range. These allow researchers to identify people who score within a certain range to be more typical of a particular disorder. While the 16 PF personality test meets these criteria, whether or not the test is accurate remains to be explored. Within the next couple of pages I will describe the results of the test and discuss whether or not the data is an accurate facial expression of my own personality. Discussion and Interpretation of Scores While the 16 PF personality test metrical the ... ...y until asked to. Graph of all 18 Factors Conclusion The test boilers suit did a fairly accurate job in measuring the various factors of my personality. I unaccompanied disagreed with two of the ten factors, which I merely saw as an overt measurement. The test appeared to be valid for the most part pertaining to my case, and since validity correlates with reliability, its reliability appears to be relatively strong. However this is merely an opinion based on my interpretation of my own personality. It could be equally likely tha t other people may puddle many scores in which they totally disagree on. Since this test was written 20 years ago the question of re-standardization also comes into play. As for cross-cultural differences discussed in the introduction, to me it is unclear whether or not the questions are common to all cultures and backgrounds, yet among English speakers the questions seemed well structured. While no test is perfect, the 16 PF does seem to have relatively high reliability and validity, making it ideal in measuring personality traits. References Kalat, J. (2002). Introduction to Psychology (Sixth Edition). Pacific Groove, CA Wadsworth- Thomson Learning. 16 PF Personality Test Essay -- science16 PF Personality TestResolving the conflict of Reliability vs. Accuracy in the 16 PF test Introduction For psychologists, one of the more popular theories espoused is the trait approach to personality, or the idea that people have consistent personality characteristics that can b e measured and studied (Kalat, 2002, 512). However there are several problems that arise. First, there are significant cross-cultural differences, so one set of personality traits for one culture may differ considerably for another. The next problem would concern the creation of a test that could accurately measure these traits. While psychologists have for the most part addressed these issues, I will focus on the latter of the two. There has been a number of multiple personality tests put to use such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), the Rorschach Inkblots and others. In our class we were instructed to take the 16 PF personality test in which we would judge for ourselves how accurate the test was based on our own personal experiences. In judging the usefulness of this test we took into consideration its reliability and validity. For a test to be reliable it must be able to accurately reflect consistent results for vario us people that can be agreed upon by researchers and therapists alike. Reliability in turn relates to validity. To be valid a test must be dependable producing data that can be used to detect a mental illness or otherwise certain personality dimensions within psychologically healthy individuals. Furthermore personality tests must be standardized, having data capable of being interpreted in a prescribed fashion (Kalat, 2002, 528). These standards are based on a comparison of a large number of people who have taken the test, one group with a particular disorder and another group who consist of the normal range. These allow researchers to identify people who score within a certain range to be more typical of a particular disorder. While the 16 PF personality test meets these criteria, whether or not the test is accurate remains to be explored. Within the next couple of pages I will describe the results of the test and discuss whether or not the data is an accurate reflection of my own personality. Discussion and Interpretation of Scores While the 16 PF personality test measured the ... ...y until asked to. Graph of all 18 Factors Conclusion The test overall did a fairly accurate job in measuring the various factors of my personality. I only disagreed with two of the ten factors, which I merely saw as an overt measurement. The test appeared to be valid for the most part pertaining to my case, and since validity correlates with reliability, its reliability appears to be relatively strong. However this is merely an opinion based on my interpretation of my own personality. It could be equally likely that other people may get many scores in which they totally disagree on. Since this test was written 20 years ago the question of re-standardization also comes into play. As for cross-cultural differences discussed in the introduction, to me it is unclear whether or not the questions are common to all cultures and backgrounds, yet among English speakers the questions see med well structured. While no test is perfect, the 16 PF does seem to have relatively high reliability and validity, making it ideal in measuring personality traits. References Kalat, J. (2002). Introduction to Psychology (Sixth Edition). Pacific Groove, CA Wadsworth- Thomson Learning.

Traditional Ideologies :: essays research papers

Traditional IdeologiesThe texts that we, the reader, tend to relate to most are the texts that reflect our values or include authentic social issues of the present. Texts such as these are therefore quite commonly found beside the beds, on the coffee tables and in the bookcases of many Australians. These texts, in a government agency act as a barometer for values, and shifts in values in our society. This can be inviten in many instances.For example, take the feature film The Castle. The typical Australian family, the Kerrigans, represented in this film was non chosen by accident. No, no they were chosen because the writers of this film knew that everyday Australians could relate to the Kerrigans and in some ways see themselves in this simple family. The film endorses many Australian values and attitudes, to which the everyday Australian can not only relate to but also read aswell. The text acts as a medium for the viewer to realise his/her own values and helps the viewer to re cognise the social values that surround him/her.However, texts do not merely inform the reader of values present in the society. They can also reflect the current shift in values and attitudes away from the rife ideologies. This can be seen heavily in the novel Cloudstreet by Tim Winton. In this text many characters are seen to have somewhat different roles in the family that nonpareil would expect. Lester Lamb is an excellent example of this. The traditional role of the man in the house is to go out and work hard for his money and come situation to a wife who would support him and look after the house and the kids. However, Lester is portrayed as a sensitive man who cooks and cleans regularly aswell as helps with many of the kin chores. He also seems to have no quarrel with his wife having most of the control over the household or him having to pull his own weight. This is of course a step away from the traditional ideology of what a man should act like.This clever characterisa tion represents the shift away from the traditional gender roles that have for so long been enforced in our society. Which leaves the reader thinking, once again, about their own values and the now shifting values of the society.This point can be pass on seen in the short story Neighbours, which is also written by Tim Winton.

A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay -- English Literature Essays

A Prayer for Owen unkind personNot the least of my problems is that I can hardly even imagine what kind of an perplex a genuine, self-authenticating religious experience would be. Without somehow destroying me in the process, how could perfection reveal himself in a way that would leave no room for doubt? If there were no room for doubt, there would be no room for me.- Frederick BuechnerIn the novel, A Prayer for Owen Meany, by lav Irving, Owen Meanys belief of foreordination makes a significant impact on John cyclists emotional stability as an adult. John Wheelwright is unhealthily bitter and angry closely his ult experiences because he clings to a past that never lets him choose. This bitterness fuels his repugnance towards the United States and the Reagan administration, because he understands that everything is in fact predestined just as Owen Meany had believed and he feels helpless because there is nothing he can do to change the course of events in heart. The expiry and responsibility of Johns arrests death fell into the hands of Owen Meany and John can never accept that it was Owens fate to kill Johns mother. The Vietnam contend was completely out of Johns hands to control being a young adult and all, and the fact that eventually the war indirectly took the life of his best friend, for this he feels helplessly responsible and angry. Into adulthood, John becomes bitter towards the United States and its catastrophic news because he knows it is all destined to happen, and like everything else in his life, he has no control or power to change anything. The death of Johns mother, Tabitha Wheelwright, was out of Johns control and the job is predestined to be executed by Owen. Her death falls into Owens hands because as he believes one night after an atrocious fever, that he had interrupted the holy person of Death. Because of this, the task was then placed on him so that he would be the one to kill Tabitha Wheelwright. In Owens opinion, he had IN TERUPTED AN angel, he had DISTURBED AN ANGEL AT WORK, he had UPSET THE SCHEME OF THINGS.- The Angel, pg. 102 Owen convinced himself that the reason he was used to kill Johns mom is because he is an instrument of God and that God had taken away Owens hands because he is helplessly under the control of destiny. Tabitha Wheelwright died for a reason, and through God, it was predestined to happen by Ow... ... poem I know you believe in God, but I believe in Crass Casualtyin chance, in luck. Thats what I mean. You see? What good does it do to make whatever decision youre talking about? What good does courage dowhen what happens next is up for grabs?- The Finger, pg. 504Johns confusion in destiny stems from the fact that he believes that anything is possible in life and that it is not one big blueprint of the world. Owen Meany never gave John the chance to decide for himself in what he believed in because Owen disproved Johns belief by confirming to John that life is destiny.John Wheel wright in A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving is a depressed and bitter man who leads a solitary life in the confinements of his past because he has been so traumatized by catastrophic events in his life that he cannot bring himself to move forward. He is bitter about the future because he accepts that everything in life is predestined and he feels angry because he has no control of what the future brings. As destiny has it, he has no control over the death of his mother, the indirect death of his best friend caused by the Vietnam War, and the current to future issues facing the world.

Essays on the Diary of Anne Frank †The Real Heros :: Diary of Anne Frank Essays

The Diary of Anne Frank The Real Heros   The Diary of Anne Frank could not have been written without the selfless help of Mr. Kraler and Miep, the Dutch office-workers.  In extremely hard times, they provided the necessary help for the survival of the eight people secrecy out in the attic of a factory.  Mr. Kraler often addressed the two families in hiding, and made sure that no one found out about them, while Miep Brought them food, books and other things that they requested.  They were real world heroes because few people would go through with(predicate) so much even for their friends. Mr. Kraler was an old man who felt that no people should suffer like the Jews.  He took it upon himself and Miep to give the two families in hiding everything they needed for survival.  He made sure that none of the workers found out about the secret annex.  Right in the beginning of the story, Mr. Kraler installed a new short bolt in the secret door for their safety.  Mr. Kraler and Miep have been putting food stores on shelves and making sure there was enough drugs, soap and linen in store.  Mr. Kraler is modest, when Mrs. Frank says the they wouldnt even be alive without Mr. Kralers help, Mr. Kraler says "Please. Please. You make us seem very heroic. It isnt that at all. We simply dont like the Nazis." Mr. Kraler did everything within his abilities to provide the Franks and the Van Daans with the opera hat hiding place in Amsterdam. Miep was a young woman who was engaged and also had to work everyday and yet she always found the time to visit the families, to bring them food, books, news and whatever else they might have needed or wanted.  Miep was very generous but also modest.  On new years eve she cook them a saloon, even though sugar was sold on rations.  Mr. Frank offered her a piece of the cake but she said "None for me, thank you." because she knew that they hadnt had cake in a very long time, when Mr. Frank insisted, she said "I couldnt.".   Miep went to a party, she made sure to remember everything to tell them the

Essays on the Diary of Anne Frank †The Real Heros :: Diary of Anne Frank Essays

The Diary of Anne bold The Real Heros   The Diary of Anne Frank could not have been written without the selfless help of Mr. Kraler and Miep, the Dutch office-workers.  In super hard times, they provided the necessary help for the survival of the eight people screen out in the attic of a factory.  Mr. Kraler often visited the two families in hiding, and make sure that no one found out about them, while Miep Brought them food, books and other things that they requested.  They were real world heroes because few people would go through so much even for their friends. Mr. Kraler was an old man who felt that no people should suffer like the Jews.  He took it upon himself and Miep to give the two families in hiding everything they involve for survival.  He made sure that none of the workers found out about the secret annex.  Right in the beginning of the story, Mr. Kraler installed a new dead dah in the secret door for their safety.  M r. Kraler and Miep have been putting food stores on shelves and making sure there was enough drugs, soap and linen in store.  Mr. Kraler is modest, when Mrs. Frank says the they wouldnt even be alive without Mr. Kralers help, Mr. Kraler says "Please. Please. You make us seem very heroic. It isnt that at all. We simply dont like the Nazis." Mr. Kraler did everything within his abilities to provide the Franks and the Van Daans with the best hiding place in Amsterdam. Miep was a young woman who was engaged and also had to work everyday and yet she always found the time to visit the families, to drive them food, books, news and whatever else they might have needed or wanted.  Miep was very generous but also modest.  On new years eve she baked them a cake, even though sugar was sold on rations.  Mr. Frank offered her a piece of the cake but she said "None for me, thank you." because she knew that they hadnt had cake in a very long time, when Mr. Frank insisted, she said "I couldnt.".   Miep went to a party, she made sure to remember everything to tell them the

Basketball Junkie by Chris Herren and Bill Reynolds Essay

The book basketball Junkie is a Fantastic book it rightfully is. This book is about a hometown high school superstar named Chris Herron on his journey from Fall River Massachusetts all the way to the Boston garden. Chris lived the dream of every(prenominal) kid who has ever bounced a basketball in their drive way. His accomplishments I believe is what really dragged me into the story. Just the fact that he wasnt fair an habitual junkie from the streets that wrote a memoir. He was a basketball player that made it to the pros.I feel that gave it the edge just being up there compared to the opera hat players such as Allen Iverson Jermaine o Neil and Kobe Bryant. Basketball Junkie was truly was an interesting story. Chris put it all out there. Herren talks about his substance abuse in brutally honest detail. He describes how his drug dependencys caused him his basketball career and almost his biography. How his NBA trip was short live as he spent more quantify chasing his next dr ug buy therefore working on his jump shot. Chasing what started out as Alcohol then to coke then to oxy cotton then to heroin caused his NBA career to fizzle out.How I related to the story was basically the same the story was told expect from another view. I witnessed a great basketball not as big as Chris Herren simply good enough to crush his name out there and play college basketball. This kid was great just corresponding Chris a good person with many thing ahead in his life. Toward the end of his senior year I dont jazz what you would call it. But I would say spillage down the wrong hanging with wrong crowd. That when he made the same mistake Chris made when he started.One thing lead to another just like Chris said in the book trying it once opened doors to other drugs. Unfortunately incomplete this kid nor Chris was able to close these doors. This was upsetting to watch so I could just imagine for a big superstar like this one. What there brothers were going through and t he people who watched and taught Chris how to play. His coaches and people that helped Chris build up to this must have been so heartbroken. This story was really deep because you can tell that he wasnt very appreciative of his life and accomplishments.He tells his nightmare on no matter what was going on he would always have to put his addiction first because the drug made him feel as if he couldnt function otherwise. He also talks about his all-time low entirely I will let you figure out what that is in the book. This really made me feel bad for him. He wanted to be better but he couldnt. Chris herren were stuck in a decade long nightmare of addiction. That ruined him causing him to get seven felonies and to overdose four times in his life time. One time his addiction actually leaving him dead for thirty seconds long.Overall I really enjoyed Basketball Junkie. I felt like in really brought me inside the life of a junkie addicted to drugs. He really put it out there. He gave his i nside thoughts and feeling and how he needs drugs to function. Chris Herren saying this meant a lot even he was this big time basketball player in rolling stone, sport illustrator and all that. He still manages to get caught up in this lifestyle. Basketball Junkie inspired me to never take any chances for granted and to never let bad influences to get in between my future.

Medicare and Medicaid Cuts Essay

The debate on wellness c be spending has been high uply contested and remains the go past most agenda on the Obama administration. The U. S government has been pursuing effective wellness care reforms for quite a long period of time. Focus has been on developing a plan that reduces government spending on heath and home care reimbursements while increasing the regard for insurance cover. An important case of these reforms is the reduction in budgetary spending on Medicare and Medicaid programs (Meena, et al. 006).President Obama in 2009 announced the $ 313 reduction in Medicaid and Medicare efficiencies as a move to accomplish the proposed savings essential for facilitating the administrations heath-care plan. Currently, the cut on Medicare reimbursements paid for health care get at costs by psychiatric patients, the elderly and the disabled stands at about 21%. In justifying these cuts, the U. S government points out that the funds would be less essential in the light of a new h ealth care reform.However, at the current economic status and the increasingly declining order of hospital revenues, this move has resulted into the rationing of medical and home care services, high even uproll taxes, and closure of departments and hospitals. According to a study conducted by the American Hospital Association (AHA) regarding these cuts, about one in every five hospitals fool already reduced a number of health care services such as outpatient services, post-acute care and behavioural health as they have had to reduce knock costs resulting from the cuts (Shen, 2003).These cuts provide affect zillions of people especially seniors, military families and the disabled who depend greatly on Medicare. This is because accessibility to physician help go out be minimized. In support of medical practitioners, The American Medical Association (AMA) argues against these cuts on the basis that they are derived through an unreliable method of determining the physicians reim bursements and which according to them ought to be reviewed. It is imperative to also assembly line that the effects of these cuts are being transferred to the public through increased insurance costs.Effects on Access, Cost and Quality of psychiatric Care There is evidence that patients access to health and home care has been increasingly diminishing in the past few long time and even got worse following the recent 21% Medicare cuts. Physicians argue that this has been prompted by the increased costs in the provision of medical care services payable to the reimbursement cuts. For instance, by the year 2005, medical care provision costs had been projected to be about 40% more than than the in 1991 (White, & Dranove 1998).In 2008, about $ 879 million was spent by hospitals in Michigan in subsiding services for the patients affected by the cuts. There have also been care rationing, reduction in provision of vital medical services and closure of hospital departments has been prevale nt. This means that access to heath care services by concerned individuals has reduced significantly. A number of medical practitioners have been forced to stop providing psychiatric services to patients due to high overhead costs (Meena, et al. 2006).The reduced Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements have made it unaccepted for psychiatrists to effectively provide care to long-term-care clients as well. There are reports of psychiatrists declining to provide consultation services in nursing homes as result of the lower rates of Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements received. According to the chair of the Geriatric Psychiatry committee for the Maryland Psychiatric Society, Allan Anderson, the cuts are a draw book binding to the willingness of the psychiatrists to provide care for the Medicare-based patients (Mulligan, 2002). Geriatric patients currently are underserved.Psychiatrists argue that due to a reduced access to psychiatric care such in cases demanding early interventions, mos t psychiatric patients are ending up complications. Doctors note that the cuts make it difficult for them to meet the requirements of their practice such as administrative issues and thus end up restricting their caseloads on Medicare. Currently, Medicaid does not take function of the complete co pay for patients on both the Medicaid and Medicare and this has made a number of clinics to coda to avoid the extra burden of absorbing the costs of treating these patients.For instance, manganeses Mayo Clinic incurred a loss of about $ 34. 2 million in years 2002 and 2003 due to these cuts and it is such losses that are pushing clinics to close down minimizing access to health acre even more. Access to healthcare for the Medicare patients is increasingly becoming expensive and complicated given that the ability to pay currently determines this access (White, & Dranove 1998). Most heath facilities have had to cut down on their provisions of vital services that the seniors, the metal disab led and the military personnel within the community rely on to protect their bottom lines.Affected patients are being forced to skip visits to hospitals and this has prompted the providers to restrict access through costs. Impact on Psychiatrists and other Medical and Home Care Providers A study of about 14,000 anaesthologists and surgeons indicate that most medical care providers will change their practice thus jeopardizing health care provision. A third of those studied said they will cease to practice as Medicare psychiatrists. This will adversely affect their quality of life.Practical challenges are forcing the providers to halt providing some Medicare related services, cutback on staff, minimize time allocated for Medicare patients and/or halt further purchase of equipments essential for serving such patients (Konetzka, et al. 2005). This will go under the doctors practice adversely. Some medical and home care providers have been forced to quit their practice following the h igh overhead resulting from the high costs incurred in attending to Medicare patients. Hospitals are being forced to resize on Medicare patients staff since hospitals have had to absorb care costs. Individual practitioners are more affected.Reimbursements cuts are prompting hospitals to focus on other non-reimbursement-dependent care services while closing down departments as well as cutting back on services to enable hospitals protect their bottom lines. This trend is prevalent even in community hospitals. In this regards, hospitals and home care provision establishments have had to reduce the number of practitioners providing these services and hence most are on the verge of losing their jobs should the cuts continue as anticipated (Mulligan, 2002). This implies that the government will only be solving on problem while creating multitude of others such unemployment.Many hospitals have also resulted in freezing of workers salaries and hence compromising their motivation. Impact on Taxpayers According to Randall (2009), the 2005s 3 % reimbursement cut resulted into a $ 49 billion in cost of cost on permanent reforms. Currently, the Medicare reimbursement cut stands at 21% at a reform cost of about $ 210 billion. Medicare and Medicaid programs are funded by pay roll taxes. According to the health care reform bill, there will be an expansion of the pay roll tax associated with the Medicare to cover unearned income.It is projected that beginning year 2018 insurance firms will be required to pay an excise tax of about 40% for plans where family premiums range from $ 27, 500 and above (Sam, 2006). Experts note that these payroll tax effects will be transferred to employees in terms of lowers wages and benefits or in terms of higher premiums. This comes at a time when the government is focused on laying strict measure to ensure that people have health insurance. Further, it is also projected that from year 2013, adjustable spending accounts which currently enable u sers to skip various expenses on health care, will reduced or limited.In regards to the high income earning population, families earning in excess of $ 250, 000 will be required to spend way above what they spend currently on medical payroll taxes. Moreover, the now exempt unearned income will also be subjected to 3. 8 percent in payroll taxes. Individuals and families are definitely depression the weight of these Medicaid and Medicare cuts through increased payroll taxes. This is because the federal government is focusing on insurances an alterative to help patients meet their health care costs.A 2005study by the Kaiser Family Foundation on employer health benefits indicates that family coverage premiums had increased by an average of about 9. 2 percent (Sam, 2006). Health insurance expenses have made it dearly-won to employees as they are subjected to deductions for the same. At the same time, the mean per month contribution by employees on family plans increased to $ 226 in yea r 2005 form 2000s $135. These are some of the costs that the citizens are bearing at the expense of the reduction in Medicare and Medicaid cuts.

The Fourth Alarm W

In John Speeches short story, The Fourth Alarm, the narrator is gravel by the recent actions of his rebellious wife. She quit her job, partakes as a nude actor in an amateur theatre, and refuses to listen to her male chauvinist husband. The narrators wifes abandonment of the Apollonian for the Dionysian serves as a modern day Adam and evening that, instead of questioning the sinful nature of man, questions the traditional masculine-feminine roles in society.According to Biblical tradition, Adam and Eve lived prosperously in an orderly, Apollonian garden -? Eden. However, once Eve strays from this order and eats the apple of knowledge (while tempting Adam to eat it as well), they both pop out tainted with original sin. Adam and Eves rejection of tradition, as symbolized by eating the forbidden fruit, results in their ejection from the Garden of Eden and into a more chaotic future. As Eve rejected the Apollonian in an attraction to the Dionysian, the narrators wife rejected her tra ditional role of mother and teacher and embraced the Dionysian traits of nudity, disorder, and orgy.She disobeys her masculine husband and tempts him to take off his clothes get rid of his attach, wallet, and keys and embrace sexual equality. In essence, she is striping off what the narrator considers his identity, l held my valuables in my right hand, my literal identification ( achiever 196). distant Adam and Eve, which primary subject matter is original sin, The Fourth Alarm delves into the feminine break from social subjugation. Achiever does not demonic the narrators wife as the Bible demotions Eve. He instead focuses on the husbands reaction to his wifes embracement of a sexual equality that challenges male-female societal roles.The narrator, spite striping, can not let go of his bored possessions that represent his masculinity. He is comforted by tradition and wishes his wife would be more nostalgic and yearning of the old gender roles like he is. Achiever s portrayal of th e narrator and his difficulty in accepting change illustrates society difficulty in leaving traditional female subjugation and base towards gender equality. The underlying question Achiever asks the reader in the Fourth Alarm is if we are ready to accept change, to put down tradition, and to progress to a society marked by equality where the masculine and feminine are equals.

Arc Assembly and Continental Collision

Arc Assembly and Continental clash in the Nonprescription tocopherol African Oregon implications for the consolidation of Gondolas The Pan African Organic cycle, Is derived from Kennedys (1964) term, Pan-African Thermo-tectonic episode to characterize the thermal differentiation of Africa into cartons and into mobile belts during the late Precambrian (now hit the hayn as Nonprescription) and earlier Phoenician (Paleozoic) In 1981 McMillan argued that Gondolas was assembled from 2 fragments east and west Gondolas and he thought that this occurred along the Monomaniac Belt and Its extension to the north (Arabian-Nubian Shield) In 1984Kronor refined this term (Pan-African) to be involving a protracted organic cycle from 950 450 Ma ( a span of 500 Ma). The tectonics associated with this Is not restricted to Africa alone. Events to similar age occur end-to-end Gondolas (all the southern continents) but also Laurie (made up of Baltic most of northern Europe and European Russia Astrakh an Central Asia. China and Malaysia, Siberia 475 490 Ma ) and Laurent (North America and Gondolas) with which it collided. The timestamp of 500 Ma is much long than any Phoenician rookery.So preference to the Pan-African organic cycle must suffice until the timing and regional extent of discrete tectonic events is better understood and constrained. Uranium- ace dating would be recommended because it has a small error margin of 2 Ma. In 1994 Stern said that with the eastside African Oregon Pan African are represented hallmarks of modern plate tectonics. Lunging abundant politesse, calculate battalions and volcanic sequences, and immature classic sediments When it comes to politesse, the horizontal displacements worked out are huge.The politics napes have traveled several 10 and maybe a few sass of kilometers. Pan-African metamorphism has resulting In granulate formations which suggest tour over thickening due to continent collision. East African Rookery = 500 Ma North American Cordillera (350 Ma Present) Mountain Belt stretching from Western Europe to the Eastern Asia (called Sensor 1987) the Thesiss organic montage Aching thinks that the development or the assembly of Gondolas was more complex than Just bring to continents together.The Western part was from different parts but the time is what is disfranchised to grasp. politesse, arcs and the size of the Macaque ocean. Stern 94 considers several pieces of evidence. For example the politesse of the Arabian Nubian-Shield (ANSI Wilson Cycle dynamics, spreading and subsection rates and he advances the argument that the Macaque Ocean is plausibly to have contained the seafloor that was to the order of 100 Ma or older, when it was subjected.HIS conclusion Is that the Macaque basin was a large ocean basin (area 10000 Km wide) Off The collision to West and east Gondolas The east African Oregon in Eke and TX has long been recognized as manifesting an episode of Tibetan style continental collision and Crista l thickening. The most direct evidence of the timing of the collision between continental blocks of east and west Gondolas comes from the age of granulates exposed in the EAI. These granulates 15 45 km of uplift and erosion. The East African granulates show where the greatest thickness occurs.Granulates are not found North of Central Sudan and southern Ethiopia but are earthy in S, Kenya, Malawi and Macaque. The crust in the southern EAI contrasts with that in the north in 2 fundamental ways. 1 . Whereas the crust to the north is largely intact, and lies preserved 20 or more km pep, in the present day crust, the crust in the southern EAI crops out as tectonic slices we do not know what composes the present lower crust of the southern

Recreation Wellness Essay

Manage Your Health, Inc. (MYH) is a fortune 500 company that provides a variety of health care services across the globe. MYH has more than 20,000 skillful time employees and more than 5,000 part-time employees. MYH recently updated its strategical look, and key goals include exploiting new-made web-based technology to admirer employees, customers, and suppliers work together to change the set upment and pitch shot of its health care intersection points and services.The performance of the accepted intranet MYH is non very smooth and has roughly problem occur likes lack of the information which related of some sports and the employees of MYH non active involve in any sports which organize by the company. This depart indirectly makes the employees of the MYH leave behind become not energetic when perform the daily working tasks due to this, this will make the customer lost confidence on MYH beca put on MYH is a health care services across the globe. So, the MYH decide to update the strategic plan. Some ideas have matureed for supporting the strategic goal which idea by the information technology department. Approach of the inventExploiting new web-based technology to advance the development and Delivery of health like giving some information and guideline to the employee what is the cypher main purpose. Make an flourishing way to them purpose. Make an easy way to them hope they push aside understand well. Develop detailed cost estimate and time requirement for the bewilder and constitution to the puke sponsor. Using the prototyping methodological analysis to performs the analysis, design, and Implementation phases concurrently and repeats them until the establishment completed. Issue a request to obtain software and hardwareHave a status re collect decorousings to exchange formulate information with team members. Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project is the new web-based technology which provides an application on the current intra net to jock employees to improve their health.Our suggest team will initiate the current problem of the intranet and implement the new idea on the new intranet project. We will prepare the business case for the current intranet project which include the introduction of the company, business objective, current situation and problem and critical assumption and constraints. Besides that, analysis of option and recommendation, preliminary project requirements, budget estimate and pecuniary analysis, schedule estimate, potential risks and the exhibits which will fix it into our business case. We will start this project within the duration, nine months which start on January, 2004 until September, 2004.Project maper will be preparing from the initiating phase which include the project title, project start date, project finish date, budget information, project manager and project objectives. All of the criteria will say down. Besides those criteria, approach, roles and responsibiliti es, sigh-off and the comments to a fault assign into the project charter to make sure every of the project team members will have their own roles and responsibilities.After initiating the current problem of the current intranet, we will analysis the new system which will implement it into the MYH. In the planning phase, our project manager, Tony will starting to put the jobs and assign it to the project team members and also from other departments. Tony, the project manager of this project would have to develop a survey to solicit input from all employees to the highest degree this new system and make sure it was very user- friendly.Tony will develop a team contract and s final paymentholder analysis for this project. Besides that, he will develop a domain statement and will be as specific as possible in describing product characteristics and requirement, as well as the product deliverables. A work breakdown structure (WBS) will develop for this project and the WBS is based on the project charter, scope statement, and other relevant information. Gantt chart and network diagram also will be well prepared for this project.While preceding the planning stage, the resource usage cash flow report will showing the hours each person is assigned to work on each task each week.Furthermore, the probability/ impact matrix and list of prioritized risks for the project will be included in the project We will submit weekly milestone reports directly to the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The milestone repost for the project will base on information in the Gantt chart. An agenda for the project team meeting will develop to work through some of the challenges composition facing in executing the project. Update the scope of the project while having some changes in the executing phase.We will develop detailed lists of assumptions and questions that all the project team has related to the new scope of the project. We will decide to outsourcing much of work related to user requi rements, user interface design, and collecting information to the highest degree similar programs offered through the health club chain MYH recently acquired and all similar community- sponsored programs within twenty dollar bill miles from the company. Updated the Gantt chart and also the project charter and the scope statement last but not least, we will updated the list of prioritized risks while the changes of the scope statement.After the controlling phase, roll out the intranet project for the user and maintaining the system is been indispensable. Final presentation to top management will be require and will updated the project web site so that is includes all final project and product deliverables.Final project report/ Project assessmentThe Recreation and Wellness Intranet project is provide an application to improve the employees health. The objectives of having this intranet is because a recent matter was been found that MYH, Inc. pays 20 percent more than the industry a verage for employee health care premiums, primarily due to the poor health of its employees.This application will attend to improve employee health within one year of its rollout so that can negotiate lower premiums, saving about $30/employee/year for the full-time employees oer the conterminous four years. The application would include/produce some capabilities like allow employees to testify for company- sponsored recreational programs, such as soccer, softball, bowling, jogging, walking, and other sports. Besides that, it allows employees to register for the company-sponsored classes and programs to help them manage their weight, reduce stress, stop smoking, and manage other health-related issues.Track data on employees involvement in these recreational and health managementprograms and also offer incentives for people to join the programs and do well in them is a part of the capabilities of this application. The project is a success because as stated above, the sponsor was no t too concerned about going over budget as enormous as the system would have a superb payback stream and help promote our firms image. We have already document some financial and image benefits of the new intranet site.The project management tools we have been use for are the business case, charter, team contract, scope statement, WBS, schedule, cost baseline, status report, final project presentation, final project report, lessons-learned report, and Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Project, html, or PDF format, as appropriate. and any other documents required to manage the project.Thos project management had help us a lots while assigning the whole project by proceeding the system soft and be more systematic so that we can review the information easily. wiz example of what went right on this project is can help improve employee health to reduce intranet cost by negotiates lower employee health care premiums.When employees have a better health, it can lead to better performance i n daily company operation. Beside that, it also can increase employee motivation and loyalty to company and helps to built up healthy image public. One example of what went rail at on this project is the cost of this project was over budget. We did meet our schedule goal, and the final cost for the whole system was about $500,000. We group member can learn by working on this project is getting more experience aft(prenominal) this project and improving their skill and problem solving.Project Deliverable, as appropriateProject management-related deliverables (business case, charter, team contract, scope statement, WBS, schedule, cost baseline, status reports, final project presentation, final project report, and lessons learned report, etc.) Product-related deliverables1. Survey Survey current consultants and clients to help determine desired content and features for the site. 2. Files for templates The initial site will include templates for the following items (business case, char ter, etc.) 3. Examples of completed templatesThe initial site will includeexamples of projects that have employ templates for the following items business case, charter, etc. 4. File for tools The initial site will include information on how to use several project management tools, including, as a minimum, the following work breakdown structures, critical avenue analysis, cost estimates, earned value management, etc.Where appropriate sample files will be provided in the application software appropriate for the tool. 5. Example applications of tools The initial site will include examples of projects that have applied tools for the following items work breakdown structures, critical path analysis, cost estimates, earned value management, etc. 6. ArticlesThe initial site will include at least ten useful articles about relevant topics in project management. 7. Links The initial site will include links along with brief descriptions of the site being linked to for at least twenty useful sites. The links will be categorized into meaningful groupings. 8. Expert database In order to deliver a Feedback feature, the system must access a database of approved experts, their contact information, etc. 9. Intranet site contentThe initial site will include content for the templates and tools section, articles section, links section, Feedback section, and security. 10. Test plan The test plan will document how the site will be tested, who will do the testing, how bugs will be reported, etc. 11. Site promotion A plan for promoting the new site will describe various approaches for soliciting inputs while designing the site as well as announcing the availability of the new site. Project benefit bill plan A plan for measuring the financial value of the site.Lessons Learned ReportProject Name Recreational And Wellness Intranet ProjectProject patronise Andrew ChaoProject Managers TonyPrepared by Tony, Project ManagerChloe, Programmer/AnalystPatrick, Network SpecialistNancy, Busin ess AnalystBonnie, Programmer/AnalystProject Dates 7/26/05Final Budget $500,0001. Did the project meet scope, time, and cost goals?We did meet scope and time goals, but we had to request an additional $10,000, which the sponsor did approve.2. What was the success criteria listed in the project scope statement? Below is what we put in our project scope statement under project success criteria Our goal is complete this project within nine months for no more than $400,000. The project sponsor, Andrew Chao, has emphasized the importance of the project paying for itself within one year after the intranet site is complete.To meet this financial goal, the intranet site must have strong user input. We must also develop a method for capturing the benefits while the intranet site is in development, tested, and after it is rolled out. If the project takes a little longer to complete or costs a little more than planned, the firm will still view it as a success if it has a good payback and helps promote the firms image as an excellent consulting organization.3. Reflect on whether or not you met the project success criteria. As stated above, the sponsor was not too concerned about going over budget as long as the system would have a good payback period and help promote our firms image. We have already documented some financial and image benefits of the new intranet site. For example, we have decided that we can staff the MYH with one less person, resulting in substantial cost savings. We have also accredited excellent feedback from several of our clients about the new intranet site.4. In terms of managing the project, what were the lessons your team learned from this project?The main lessons we learned include the following Having a good project sponsor was instrumental to project success. We ran into a couple of difficult situations, and Tony was very creative in helping us solve problems. Teamwork was essential. It really helped to take time for everyone to get to know e ach other at the kick-off meeting. It was also helpful todevelop and follow a team contract. Good planning paying off in execution.We spent a fair amount of time developing a good project charter, scope statement, WBS, schedules, and so on. Everyone worked together to develop these planning documents, and there was strong buy-in. Project management software was very helpful throughout the project.5. Describe one example of what went right on this project.One example of what went right on this project is can help improve employee health to reduce intranet cost by negotiates lower employee health care premiums. When employee has a better health, it can lead to better performance in daily company operation. Beside that, it also can increase employee motivation and loyalty to company and help company built up healthy image to public.6. Describe one example of what went wrong on this project.One example of what went wrong on this project is the cost of this project was over budget. We di d meet our schedule goal, and the final cost for the whole system was about $500,000.7. What will you do differently on the next project based on your experience working on this project?We will do differently on the next project based on this project is give more care and thought this project for about when we do the estimate time requirements and identify required resources and budget. We must very guardedly when our choose the resources because we should take budget to identify it and should be wise to control the over-budget.

North Korean Authoritative Government Essay

In this paper, I will attempt to explain why shogunate regimes such as the one in northerly Korea, mollify continues to govern even though the government is one of the more corrupted types of government still in liveence today. The word authoritarianism is defined as, a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or confrontation etc. )(Word Net) There be currently many countries in our world that are not democratic societies.There are authoritarian regimes that still exist today. Probably one of the more well known authoritarian regimes is the government in br otherhood Korea. North Korea gained its independence from Japan in the year 1945. Kim Jong Il is currently the leader of North Korea. The mismanagement of frugals through the 1990s has made North Korea rely heavily on international aid to prevail its population. North Korea has expanded their resources to help develop a armed forces of about one million sol diers. primordial Intelligence Agency) North Koreas broad-range projectile development, as well as its nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons programs and massive conventional armed forces, are of major concern to the international community. (Central Intelligence Agency) The government in North Korea is a big part to blame for the economic struggles. In President Bushs first State of the Union Speech he declared North Korea as part of the Axis of Evil. President Bush also went on to say his goal was, to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening the States or our friends with weapons of mass destruction. He singled out Iraq, Iran and North Korea, claiming these states and their terrorist in allies constitute an axis of evil arming to threaten the peace of the world. (F figure out Sheet) The United States must act against these regimes by denying them the materials, technology and expertise to make nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and provide them to terr orists, Bush said. (Fact Sheet) North Korea is currently a communist-state one-person(prenominal) dictatorship. Under a communist-state one-man dictatorship elections are held but there is nobody to run against the leader.For instance in September of 2003 there was an election held in North Korea. Kim Jong Il and Kim Yong Nam were the unaccompanied nominees for the positions and nobody opposed them. (Central Intelligence Agency) The government controls the sight. The government rules a lot of what the people of North Korea can do or say. For the executive branch in this unpolished, Kim Jong Il has been the ruler since July of 1994. Kim Yong Nam is the president of its Presidium and he also has the responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic credentials. Central Intelligence Agency) As for the legislative branch, the ruling troupe approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition, but some seats are held by minor parties. (Central Intelligence A gency) The judicial branch of North Korea consists of a central court, and the judges are elected by the Supreme Peoples Assembly. The elbow room this government is set up is very different than the look the democratic states are set up. In a democratic society the people get to vote for leaders and high ranking officials. While in these authoritarianistic regimes, the people be dupe no say in who is going to run their country.There have been many North Koreans that have tried to escape every to China or South Korea. Few people have made it across the boarders safely. However, if they fail to escape and they are captured by the North Korean host they will be tortured or even executed in some cases. (Pearson Education) North Korea, one of the worlds most secretive societies, has been criminate of egregious human-rights violations, including summary executions, torture, inhumane conditions in prison camps, which hold up to 200,000 prisoners, and denial of freedom of expression an d movement.Access to the country is strictly limited and North Koreas domestic media is tightly controlled, making it difficult to substantiate the accusations. (Pearson Education) I believe a huge part of why North Korea is actually still in existence is because the military has so much control on the people. Of course no country wants to start a war with North Korea because of their military strength and their nuclear weapons. A number of stabilizing elements assist the regimes efforts to maintain internal order.The society seems united in popular die hard for the party, and the people have a arduous sense of national pride. Kim Il Sung, by all indications, truly is admired and supported by the general population. (Federal search Division Library of Congress Pg 275) It is difficult for people that are from a democratic government to actually understand why authoritarianism governments work. Most all of the authoritarianism governments that I know have a strong following from their people.Whether the masses alike(p) the leader because he is circumstances the delivery or helping a food shortage situation is other story. Personally I think these people in these countries are so afraid of what the leader king do to them or their family that they just do what they are told. Of course these people have never had it any other way. They dont know what it is like to have a democracy. They dont know what it is like to voice their opinion. The people in North Korea didnt get to consider where they wanted to be born.If we had a free world Im sure when some of those people realized that there are better governments in the world that wint control your every move then they would leave the country. It is just not that easy for anyone to just get up and go to China or South Korea. People born into democratic societies should be thankful that they can enjoy the freedoms that they have, because there are other parts of the world where the idea of having rights is whole out of their control. There is no possible way the people can over throw the government in North Korea.North Korea has too strong of a military. One way the government will get overthrown is if it is done internally. The second way it will get overthrown is if they go to war with another country and they lose their power. Indeed, research on Korean communism has become the pursuit of an avocation, meandering off the mainstream of contemporary social science. Most students of Korean communism have come under the influence, in varying degrees, of the lingering legacy of Kremlinology and the advancing model of Chinese studies.Following the general lines of development in Chinese studies in the 1960s and 1970s, research on Korean communism has shown an uneven advancement. On balance, research and knowledge concerning North Koreas domestic politics and economy have developed more rapidly and significantly than the study of its foreign policy, which has remained neglected and underd eveloped. (Kim Pg282) The economy in North Korea is struggling. Due to flooding and the lack of arable land, the people in North Korea are at a food shortage. Massive amounts of international food aid have allowed people of North Korea not to starve. Central Intelligence Agency) Mal-nutrition and poor living conditions still exist heavily in North Korea. As with everything else in the country, the government has the right to control the food and economic conditions. The religions that are practiced in this authoritarianism government are traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, with some Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way. ) Autonomous religions activities now are almost nonexistent government sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom. (Central Intelligence Agency) Like other authoritarianistic governments such as Cuba, Iran, Afghanistan, and Iraq until not to long ago, the regimes will last until somebody does something a bout it. The United States ended the authoritarianism regime in Iraq because we had enough military power to overtake Sadaam Hussein. The U. S. troops are still over in Iraq trying to force the Iraqi people into having a democracy. The Iraqi people that have voted so far on the impertinently leader of their country is not a man that the United States wants to have them run their country.Sadaam Hussein would still be in power and have exculpate control of Iraq if the United States didnt take him out of power. The military balance in South Korea is much stronger then North Korea. In case of another North Korean invasion, the South Korean military only has about 600,000 people while the north has around one million. However these numbers are misleading because of the fact that these numbers dont include the superior training, equipment, and logistical support that the south has. Kang Pg 262) The South has outspent the North on defense in the last 15 years, if not longer. (Kang Pg 26 2) North Koreas nuclear threats are a grave concern for South Korea and the rest of the world. The Soviets were building bombs in the 1950s and China developed a nuclear bomb in the early 1960s. North Korea didnt start trying to assemble nuclear weapons until South Korea became a threat to them because they were overtaking North Korea in a lot of areas during the 1970s. Kang Pg 266) North Koreas significance to the world with a bomb is much greater than without a bomb. (Kang Pg 266)In conclusion, there are many reasons why the authoritarianism regime in North Korea is still up and running to this day. There is simply no way that anyone can overthrow the government unless it is done internally. The people located in these authoritarianism regimes usually like the leader, and agree to what he says. These people didnt choose where they wanted to be born just like nobody in a democratic state had an opinion as to where they would like to be born.It is no-count that most all of the mon ey spent in North Korea is aimed toward building up a better military and not helping out with the economy or the food shortages. The only way these people know how to live is to be ruled by a dictator. Until the United States or some other world power takes down North Korea, the authoritarianism regime will continue to govern.

Cold Case Investigation

Abstract nippy occurrence investigation is a growing concern due to increased numbers of unsolved consequences and pop gardening appeal. This paper will walk you through what a frigidness case investigation is, how one begins, and factors such(prenominal) as the use of volunteers can effect the outlet of a insensate case investigation. Each year the number of unsolved cases in the U. S. goes up, but with limiting funding and lack of manning something has to be done to take hold the numbers down. A dedicated cold case unit is the best answer to this problem. Cold Case InvestigationApproximately one-third of all homicides in the United States atomic number 18 non cle atomic number 18d within the first year of being committed. These cases are dubbed cold cases after active investigation has been terminated for any of several reasons. If investigators bear the trail or cannot come up with enough evidence, witnesses, or a suspect the case may be closed. More grave or advanc ed publicity cases may become a priority and with lack of a trail a case is closed. These cases can be placed on a back burner until time and manning is available to conduct a more thorough investigation and continue where previous investigation left despatch.The low clearance tramp has also been attributed to the number of experienced detectives, changes in resources, deterioration of quality of investigation, and escalation of early(a) related crimes. The means of conducting a cold case investigation vary greatly from that of an ongoing investigation and may even be conducted by people not employed by the authoritative agency handling the case. Resurrecting a Cold Case Investigation After a case has been dubbed a cold case, it may take several months to even years before it is re-opened for investigation. both(prenominal) times the original investigator may feel a desire to re-open the case or raw evidence or witnesses may come to light offering up a direction for investigato rs to follow. Other times it requires others not involved in the initial investigation to take initiative to gather closure for victims or other reasons. If the primary investigator in the initial case is not involved in the cold case investigation, the current investigators need to be brought up to bucket along on the background and prior evidence or facts of the case.Investigators may then contact any prior witnesses and re-entertain questions previously asked or expand on the subject. Some witnesses may provide further information. If there were no witnesses or suspects, current technology that was not available during the initial investigation could provide evidence not previously available such as DNA. Personnel previously interviewed may also be feeling guilt by the time a cold case is re-opened and need an opportunity to vent or even confess their guilt.If little or no further information is found for investigators to go off of the case may become frustrating and be given up on again. Re-opening a cold case also creates some turmoil such as opening old wounds with the victims of these crimes due to the suspect not being caught initially, and because the victims are forced to relive the past. Cold Case Investigation Units Cold case investigation investigations units have been formed to combat the growing trend of unsolved cases. They usually consist of one or more dedicated homicide investigators with the sole goal of solving the cases.The structure and management of these units are not clearly defined at this time and there is little evidence to prove that they are impelling at reducing the numbers of unsolved cases. Cold case units have gained popular appeal in the last couple of years through confused television shows related to that of solving cold cases. There are two perspectives as to why certain cases remain unsolved. The first is based on dispute theory and behavior of law theory. This theory shows that the polices discretion leads to diffe rences in investigative effort and shows bias.The biggest thing to note on this theory is that a case will have more time and effort put into it if the victim is from a more favorable social position. The second theory is the opposite. It states that everyone receives supreme effort regardless of victim characteristics and cases remain unsolved due to a lack of situational characteristics such as evidence, witnesses, and use of a weapon that can be found and fingerprinted. (Napolean, 2009, pg n/a) The cold case unit concept was created by the Miami police department in the 80s to handle approximately 1,400 unsolved cases.This unit had much success and cold case investigation units became popular nationwide. To date there are still some concerns on how a cold case unit should operate, but prioritizing cases is the biggest concern. As a standard the highest priority cases are those, which the victim or a second victim has been identified, the death was command a homicide, suspects w ere previously named by forensic means, an arrest warrant was previously issued, significant physical evidence can be further processed, or new leads have arisen where critical witnesses are willing to cooperate.Cold cases are generally broken into three categories, high, moderate or low. By any means, a staffed and supported cold case investigation unit is more advantageous than a temporary unit. Volunteers are Essential Cold case investigation is an extremely labor intense process. There has been a growing desire for cold cases to be solved due to its pop culture appeal. Many police departments are feeling the nip to get their unsolved case numbers down, but due to the economy and budgets on a downward trend staffing and resources are at a premium.Agencies are now turning to a more non-traditional alternative to fill staff voids left by budget cuts. Volunteers can play an essential role in the assistance to detectives who solve cold cases. Retired detectives provide an allure to some agencies. These retirees do not require additional learning because they were previously employed in the selfsame(prenominal) line of business. They are also most likely to enjoy doing the work because they retired doing it. A great attractor for retirees is that they benefit from getting a chance to do what they love without being forced into the long hours that comes along with it.Other volunteers can come from just about anywhere as long as they have a willingness and drive to solve the cases. Ex-law enforcement and civilians are vital. Having a mixed background of volunteers provides a variety of experience to draw from and a fresh set of eyes on the cases. Investigators that previously worked on the cases may feel refreshed having another opinion on the work they did and find something that was previously missed. Often times investigators are move into the way they were instructed to solve a case and miss alternative approaches to problem solving.Volunteers can provide this alternate because they may not have any training in solving cases. Even if volunteers do not work specifically on solving the case, there are other just as important opportunities. Law enforcement comes with a lot of paperwork and filing. Volunteers are perfect for this because by them doing the paperwork aspect of the investigation it frees up the time of the actual detectives to do the foot pounding. References Leonard, G. J. , Gerard, F. D. , & Camille, D. B. (2005) Resurrecting cold case serial homicide investigations.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 74(8), 1-7. Retrieved from https//search. proquest. com/docview/204129494? accountid=8289 Napolean, C. R. (2009) Cold case investigation units. TELEMASP Bulletin, 16(1), 1-10. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/198013843? accountid=8289 Regensburger, D. (2011). Law enforcement volunteers An essential tool in the investigation of cold case homicides. Sheriff, 63(3), 22-24. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com /docview/869520529? accountid=8289

Developing Critical Thinking

Be able to critic aloney assess declare intuitive feelings, strengths and mensurate systems THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BELIEFS, VALUE AND ATTITUDES Beliefs, mental steads and determine atomic number 18 three sm all in aller words that founder and make a massive electric shock on who we are as individuals, who we are as stack, and even how the world is viewed by ourselves and others. A belief is mostthing that individuals or classifys think, such as accept in a god. Where a Value would be the living life in the ways a religion expects, this value will be made from the belief that the person or group has in their God.The attitude towards this would be the feelings, beliefs and behaviour tendencies towards this, for instance praying, reading the holy book, towards others that do non hope or rescue a different set of morals or beliefs etc. Values To me a value is a principle, a standard or even certain qualities that individuals, people or even groups defy. These valu e/principles are one of if not the intimately important things. These values/principles help to guide us a people and individuals. By guide I mean how we live our lives, what we base our endings on.A Value is usually produced via a belief. This belief would normally be related to worth of an idea or a particular suit of behaviour. For example I assemble great value in always be polite, thus far psyche that has always got what they needed or have had a different up bringing may not place truly little or any value on being polite. These values bear influence our decision making and ofttimes the support we give our clients. In a reckon or professional environment as individuals we should ensure that we do not try to influence our customers decisions found on our values.As individuals we build our values from various sources and life finds, these bed be influenced by family, friends, lap upplace, educational facilities, life events such as death, financial issues. Religi on, music etc. You do as well have dominant values these values are normally widely shared amongst groups, communities, religion or family. Although these dominant values are precisely that, the same dominant value may not be as important to another group or society. BeliefA belief as previously stated can help or lead to a specific value, these beliefs usually come from real life experiences, save as individuals we often for arse around the pilot experience is not the same as what is currently happening now. For example I Believe that Tottenham Hotspur is the vanquish football team in the world, this is based on falling in love with the team in the early 1980s. Realistically though over recent years Tottenham struggled even being in a relegation battle. This shows that on that point were at least 19 teams emend than them. It does not however change my belief that they are the best football team.Our beliefs and values make a massive impact on our lives they can affect how we are perceived, they can affect the quality of our work and even impact on all our relationships family and friends. Rightly or wrongly as individuals we all tend to believe that our beliefs are based on reality when actually in reality our beliefs are based on past experiences. Beliefs actually originate to govern what and how we experience things such as watching a football game, or even working, these beliefs that we hold as individuals and groups though can make up part of our identity, who we are and how we live our lives and therefore are very important.Attitude Attitude we all have it, and we all claim to know someone with a boastful attitude. What is an attitude whether it is good or bad or even indifferent. The word attitude can colligate to a lasting feeling, belief and behaviour tendencies directed towards specific people, groups, ideas or even objects. An attitude tends to be a belief close something, it usually describes what we as individuals deem as being correct ( positive) or incorrect ( cast out) way of doing something.For example my attitude towards people who steal is one of contempt is a negative attitude. As far as I am concerned I have no in secernect for them or remorse if they get caught. That said the thief perhaps a first and one clock offender and has other issues I do not know about so my attitude towards that is based on a very stereotypical generalisation, as it is something I would not do. However the fact that I would not do it shows that my attitude toward not stealing is a positive one.It is possible though that our feature attitudes can be so strong that we become ignorant to other peoples values, opinions and needs. A strong attitude is often referred to as a value, where as an attitude with little significance or importance, are often described as opinions. Beliefs, values, attitudes and the impact on my behaviour. There are just several beliefs, Values and attitudes that I hold that impact on my behaviour, not just to the way I act towards my everyday tasks, but also the way I act around my team and my customers/clients and suppliers.The first is manners, I believe that people should treat others the way they wish to be treated themselves, so regardless of the home I am always polite, courteous and professional in my approach. The value I hold regarding customers and clients, they are king and without them there would be no us as a company. I believe my team are the most important factor within our branch, so they are consulted about any major decisions we implement, just because I think it is a great idea to change something doesnt necessarily mean that it is, after all my branch and team is only as good as its weakest member.This sometimes can lead to be seen as a push over boss however my attitude to this is the work has to be through with(p) first and foremost, if it is not done correctly indeed I will speak to the people on a one to one and find out why, it may be that the individual n eeds a little extra training and therefore I have let them d avouch by not ensuring they have the correct tools to do the job.That said if there is no reasonable explanation I will address the issue and deliver direct instructions, these will always be fair but very firm, again if everyone else is doing a task one way then everyone should do it too I am very big on Team work, and being part of a team. So depending on the situation my behaviour changes from nice get on with everybody, to almost a dictator if work isnt being carried out correctly.I am never rude or impolite as I would not pauperization to be treated that way, I listen to what others have to say before making a decision and where possible I will base a decision on others feedback as irrelevant to my own opinions, beliefs, attitudes or values. Be able to critically assess the validity of management theories in relation to own beliefs, attitudes and values. There are two management theories I find relevant to my subpr ogram, the first of these is Maslows hierarchy of needs.This possible action was developed by Abraham Maslow in the 1940s -1950s in theUSA, this conjecture is still very oftentimes used today in understanding human motivations, any human motivation or lose of has an impact on the individuals attitudes, beliefs and values. The Maslow possibility was originally a five face model which is more than nice for its purpose today and is still used by many. The current model can have as many as 8 stages and was developed by others based on Maslows work. It can be argued that the stages 6,7 and 8 of the current model were encapsulated in Maslows original model in stage 5, which is Self-actualisation. Maslows original model (5 stage model) Maslow supposition pyramid graph from Wikpedia.comThis theory is relevant to my role as it helps to get an understanding of peoples behaviour varies, what motivates them, which can lead to letting me know what some of their beliefs and values are and even attitudes. For example if the individual perceives that they are being treated unfairly at home (Biological and Physiological Needs) the individuals attitude may be brought into the work place and they may not have the same values as myself and their attitude towards other members of the team, clients or even suppliers may change dramatically, which in turn effects the individuals behaviour.The self-actualisation is very useful for me in my role as it allows me to understand myself, If I am having a bad time at home, or things are not going the way I would like or people do not hold the same beliefs, values and attitudes as I do I take a step back and look at everything from a deuce-ace persons point of view as it is not the teams, customers, suppliers fault my day is not going to plan, it allows me then to shoot how I approach the day and to stand by my more positive beliefs, values and attitudes as opposed to the negative ones I may have been feeling.The other theory that I find relevant to my role is the psychological write out theory, it is shown below on a Vena diagram. PC= PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT-hidden/unspoken, unwritten and takes into accounting relationship references (r) VC=VISIBLE CONTRACT-usually written, contractual agreement between parties, pay, hours, holidays etc. R=relationship between employee and market, and employer and market. This theory is fast becoming extremely relevant in the workplace regarding relationships with the workplace and even wider than that the human behaviour within a workplace.This theory was first recognised in the 1960s, most notably by behavioral theorists Chris Argyris and Edgar Schein. The psychological contract theory usually refers to the relationship between an employer and its employees, and specifically concerns the mutual expectations of inputs and outcomes. These both have an effect on each individuals beliefs, values and attitudes within the work place. The psychological contract theory is usually seen from the standpoint or feelings of employees, however for this to be fully appreciated it has to be soundless by both parties.This theory is basically the fairness or balance perceived by the employee, for example how the employee is treated by the employer and also what the employee puts into a job. Both of these ultimately show values, beliefs and the attitude of the employees but it also shows an insight into them for the employer, as the employer may believe that the way the employees are treated is fair but the employees see it as unfair.The way that this theory is understood and applied to our relationships, inside and out of doors of work essentially defines our humanity, for example, Respect, Compassion, Trust, Empathy, integrity and Objectivity. This theory is relevant in my role as it allows me to understand what effect my actions as a managing director/ employer have on the attitudes, beliefs and values of my employees or team. It allows me to assess my own beli efs, values and attitudes and decide if they are having a positive or negative effect on the team, customers/suppliers. MY BELIEFS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES IMPACT ON THE MASLOWS HIERACHY THEORY.My beliefs, values and attitudes impact on this theory in different ways the first stage of biological and psychological needs, my attitude towards these are varied, I believe that although all of these are important within peoples lives I believe that these should not be brought into work. I believe that if you have a crises then approach me and we can deal with it, however if it is down to a little row at home, or not getting the cuddles you require then these issues should not impact on your work, I believe these should stay at home.My attitude towards these is I control my work and private lives separate. The next stage on this theory is the Safety needs I believe that this is one of the most important areas within the workplace, ensuring that the employees, customers and the visitors to th e site are always safe. My Attitude towards this is that these are a must and not a choice. My values, beliefs and attitude towards this stage make this a high priority than maybe another stage within the Maslow hierarchy theory.The next stage within this theory is the belongingness and loved stage, relationships outside and inside work. My belief is that everybody likes to be liked or loved. So I treat everybody the way I wish to be treated. My attitude towards this stage is that I want to be liked and loved and may leave me at times to being a little lenient on people or members of the team. The fourth stage of this theory is Esteem, this encapsulates, reputation, achievements etc. I believe that all of these need to be intensify and that it can only be done by hard work.My attitude towards this stage is that I want to be the best at whatever I do so I strive to excel, so the impact I have with this stage is very goal driven to keep getting better and always enhancing my reputati on by proving and showing what I am capable of. The final stage to this theory is the self-actualisation, my belief, values and attitude impact this stage the most, because I always want to improve, I not only see this stage as a self-analysis on myself on how I can get better and how I can learn, but it also allows me to analyse myself and the effect that I have on the people around me.HOW SOMEONE ELSE MAY INTERPRET THE THEORY The beliefs, values and attitudes on others will be different to those I have and in turn they will interpret the Maslow hierarchy theory differently for example, the first stage could be seen as a reason to be grumpy with everyone at work because they did not get a cuddle at home before they left for work.The second stage on the theory is the safety needs, the beliefs, values and attitude towards this can vary massively, it can be age, experience related for example some people attitudes would be that it is not necessarily important as their attitude is I h ave been doing this job for twenty years and never had an accident, now they are trying to tell me how I should do my job etc.The third stage belongingness and loved, the employee beliefs may be that they only come to work to earn money, they could interpret this stage as being a way to try a breach them up or even as a way for people to find out about their private etc. This would signify an attitude of distain (whats it got to do with them) The fourth stage of this theory the take to be stage, with somebody who has different beliefs, values and attitudes different to mine may impact on this stage of the theory, by interpreting it as the way for progression within the company is who you know not what you know or how you do.Finally, the last stage of this theory the self-actualisation, somebody with a different beliefs values and attitudes to me may impact on this theory as a load of nonsense, they may have the attitude that they already know everything so they cant grow anymore, this would make one of the most important stages in the Maslow Hierarchy theory irrelevant to a person with that belief, value or attitude.

The African American Achievement Gap:

The Afri trick the Statesn Achievement Gap wherefore is it There and What Can be D angiotensin-converting enzyme Are Black Americans Dumber than White Americans? Can it unequivoc tot every last(predicate)yy be stated that atomic number 63an Americans hold more intelligence indeed African Americans? Are African Americans genetic each(prenominal)y wired to urinate a lesser mental capacity then European Americans? For a dogged time this was the explanation to a burning problem. African Americans score cast down than White Americans on vocabulary, reading, and mathematics experiments, as well as on attempts that claim to measure scholastic aptitude and intelligence. This recess appears earlier children enter kindergarten and it persists into adulthood. The typical American dumb still gobs d featurestairs 75 percent of American exsanguines on most standardized tests. On slightly tests the typical American unappeasable scores below more than 85 percent of face cloths. (CHR ISTOPHER, JENCKS) This test score gap is not an inevitable fact of nature. It is received that the gap shrinks only a petty when black and white children attend the aforesaid(prenominal) schools. It is besides true(a) that the gap shrinks only a little when black and white families cod the very(prenominal) amount of schooling, the same income, and the same wealth.However, after extensive research, no one has found any evidence saying that blacks comport less intellectual ability than whites. So what causes this gap in test scores? Some attri entirelye it to the culture of African Americans. They say that African Americans be uninterested in learning and dont actualizek to pursue academic excellence. Some attribute the gap to testing conditions. Some attribute it to concepts such as White Guilt and Stereotype Threat. (Will be explained later) I however cannot attribute it to any one thing. This whole issue cannot be explained by one concept.Rather then endeavoring to desc ribe the achievement gap with one concept, I attribute it to a combining of many. The think for the perceived gap in test scores is an intricate combination of things such as Stereotype terror, White Guilt, and Culture. On this issue, doubting Thomas Sowell piles the attitude that this gap has nothing to do with racism or die knotty. Sowell says, For much of the first half of the 20th century, these differences were attributed to race-that is, to an surmisal that blacks near did not have it in their genes to do as well as white stack.The run began to turn in the second half of the 20th Century, when the assumption developed that black-white differences were due to racism on the part of whites. (Sowell, Thomas) However, his research showed something different. With his study at Harvard, he noticed that most of the black alumni were either from the western United States Indies or Africa, or were the children of westward Indian or African immigrants. These throng be the same race as American blacks, who greatly protrudenumber either or both. (Sowell, Thomas) This completely dispels the idea of race be a agent. So what does cause the gap?Sowell believes Culture does. His main argument is that the culture from so-called rednecks from Europe caused this uneducated culture seen in blacks. He says, The culture of the people who were called rednecks and crackers before they ever got on the boats to cross the Atlantic was a culture that produce far lower levels of intellectual and economic achievement, as well as high levels of violence and sexual promiscuity. (Sowell, Thomas) right off the most important points raised argon that only a third of whites lived in this culture while 90% of blacks live in it.Of year culture fades away eventually but, it has very slow inwardly the black community peculiarly in the worst black ghettos in the country. This is a culture of counter productivity and self-destruction. Sowell says all blacks ar regarded thi s way. However, the interrogation has to be asked can this really be apply to all blacks? It really cant. Culture can be a valid explanation for this feature group of black people but it does not prove anything for all blacks. Not all blacks are from the ghetto.Some real come from prominent, stable homes. Some actually come from the same environment as successful whites and Langston Hughes covers a look at some of these people. Hughes also takes the view of culture but he examines it from the view of blacks that are not stuck in the ghetto but have stable backgrounds. Hughes takes the view that blacks are actually hindering themselves. He says that there is a huge barrier standing in the way of every black person. He actually makes a reference active artist but it can be viewed as any black person.He says the obstacle is, this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as much American as possible. (Hughes, Langston) His example is a poet. This poet subconsciously wants to be white because he feels it provide make him a better poet. This poet comes from a strong background in the shopping centre class. According to Hughes, they attend church the father has a steady job the m other lends on occasion and the children attend mixed schools.However, the problem comes with how the parents treat their children. The mother says things same(p), Dont be analogous niggers when the children are bad. In turn the father says things like, Look how well a white man does things. So in this home and many others, black is not praised or celebrated it is taught to be ashamed of. They are taught to want to be white. It is staggering what blacks do to themselves because of this. Fist Hughes says the more predominant dont stay their own people.His example is that, A Negro clubwoman in Philadelphia paid eleven dollars to hear Raquel Meller sing Andalusian pop s ongs. except she told me a a few(prenominal) weeks before she would not think of going to hear that woman. Clara Smith, a great artist, sing Negro folk songs. (Hughes, Langston) This is the problem with many blacks. They dont support their own people in anything because they dont feel it will be accepted by whites and, that is last what they want. Hughes also alludes to how blacks dont support their own until whites do.His example is a young colored author who had been writing well for the colored magazines for some years, but it was not until he recently broke into the white publications and his first book was accepted by a prominent newfangled York publisher that the best Negros in his city took the trouble to discover that he lived there. (Hughes, Langston) The key here is white. Blacks are afraid to be who they are because white is seen as the ultimate goal. Black is seen as inferior. So can this be applied to test taking? It certainly can. If blacks are feeling inferio r then their test performance cannot be as good as whites.Hughes is saying that being black is a hindrance that was built by blacks ourselves. But can this still be applied to all blacks. No it cant because not all blacks come from households where white power is subconsciously feed to them. Some come from homes where black is celebrated. But for some reason out the gap is still there but why? Shelby Steeles position on the take is based on the theory of White Guilt. White Guilt is a vacuum of moral potential in matters of race, equality and opportunity that comes from the association of mere white skin with Americas historical racism.It is the stigmatization of whites and, more importantly, American institutions with the sin of racism. (Steele, Shelby) Simply meaning that all white institutions are doing whatever they have to do not to appear racist. According to Steele this started right after the civil-rights movement. Where he believes that blacks made, the greatest misest imation in black American history. (Steele, Shelby) He says, we allowed ourselves to see a greater power in Americas liability for our oppression than we saw in ourselves. (Steele, Shelby) This meaning blacks saw an opportunity to get unoccupied because they thought they could get more out of taking what whites give rather then feeding to take their own. According to Steele, blacks have been living in an age of white guilt for about a few decades now. So Steele is taking the position that the achievement gap is where it is at because blacks do not have to work as much as they did before. Steele uses the example of a University. There is no way that they would admit students conscionable based on academia because chances are there would be little to no black faces at the University.This university would be called racist and scrutinized heavily. In Modern time, it is politically correct to include blacks in all walks of life. During the genteel Rights Movement, being black was te rrible thing. You were punished for it. Today blacks are rewarded for it in many ways. It is good but bad also. This age of white guilt is a time where the black person lives in a society that needs his race for the good it wants to do more than it needs his individual self. His race makes him popular with the white institutions and unifies him with blacks. (Steele, Shelby) This however limits him as a person.This gives him less desire to work hard. Whats the point when things will right be put in his hand anyway? Steele uses Dr. dogwood West as an example. Dr. West was promoted to a full professorship at Harvard, which is a very high honor. However Steele says, It was never dogwood West-the individual- that Harvard wanted it was the defanged protest identity that he carried, which redounded to the university as racial innocence itself. How could anyone charge this university with racism when it promoted Cornel West to its higher reaches? (Steele, Shelby) So there lies the main p oint. Dr.West achieved high position by doing less work. This is Steeles explanation as to why the achievement gap is there. Blacks simply do not have to work as hard as they once did to succeed because the whites are too eager for the moral role black skin offers them. (Steele, Shelby) Can this explanation be applied to all blacks? Again some blacks are exempt from this. Some take the easy way out and take full advantage of things like affirmative action. However, some do actually work at what they do. But, for some reason, there is still a gap within this group that is functional hard. Why is that? Claude M.Steele offers the concept of Stereotype Threat as the reason this gap exists. Stereotype threat is the threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype, or the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype. (Steele, Claude M) Stereotype threat can be used to explain the reason that hard working goal oriented black Americans loan t o the achievement gap. When it comes to matters of race, it is imitation that a particular situation is experienced in much the same way by different groups of people. This is especially assumed to be true in test taking.However, this is lots times not true for blacks. Steele says, But for black students, difficulty with the test makes the negative stereotype relevant as an interpretation of their performance, and of them. They hunch over that they are especially likely to be seen as having limited ability. (Steele, Claude M) It is not that blacks are in anyway inferior its just a certain closet is always put on them when doing things like taking test. This is because tests are often given as a test to measure ability, so because of the negative stereotype blacks feel an added pressure and succumb to it.From one experiment- focusing on vocabulary- Steele performed on black and white students, his conclusion came to be that, When black students were told that the test would mea sure ability, they completed the fragments with significantly more stereotype-related words that when they were told that it was not a measure of ability. Now the thing about stereotype threat is that it is not like the self filling prophecy. They dont think they will perform inadequately and then in-turn score low. Steele says Stereotype threat, is something different something external the situational threat of being negatively stereotyped. So Stereotype threat can be applied to hard working black Americans because it only exist if they care that the negative stereotype is there. So these students actually work so hard to disprove the stereotype that they actually hinder themselves. For one of Steeles experiments he noticed this to be true. He says, Black students taking the test under stereotype threat seemed to be trying to hard rather than not hard enough. They reread the question, reread the multiple choice, and recheck their answers, more then when they were not under ste reotype threat. (Steele, Claude M) So what this did was make the test takers inefficient. If you think to long on standardized to you are automatically hindering a very good score. So the reason hard working black Americans conduce to the gap is evident. But, like it was previously stated, not all black Americans actually work hard so this cannot be the only reason the gap exist. I believe the gap exist because of a combination of a few of the afore mentioned arguments. Yes Sowells point is valid but the culture argument cannot be applied to all blacks.Yes Langston Hughes point is valid but his aspect of culture cannot be applied to all blacks. The same goes for both Shelby and Claude Steele. Applying one of these theories to an entire race of people to explain the gap in test scores will just not suffice. I can honestly say that throughout my life experiences that I have seen every theory for myself. I have seen and lived among the people that these theories apply to and I believ e that it all culminates to create the observed gap between African Americans and other ethnic groups.Sowell is absolutely correct when he says there is a self destructive, counterproductive culture in the nations ghettos. Everyone I know from these areas thinks that way. They do not like learning they hate hard work and are content being at the lower rungs of life. So when the children do go to school and take there standardized test, more often then not, they dont try. They have a whatever attitude towards it. And for the few that do try, they just arent prepared because the people around them and raising them have this disdain towards learning.I have a close connectedness with people who embody the White Guilt theory and the Stereotype threat idea. I have lived with it all of my life and I can say it has affected me. In high school and even in college I have seen an abundance of students who are whole-heartedly living in the age of white guilt. Its not that they dont try its jus t they do enough to get by because they know if they make it to a certain point, aids like affirmative action and minority quotas will take them where they need to go. So when it comes to test taking they do try, but wont stress themselves out over it.Although they are just as smart as their white counterparts, they just dont see the need to put in the extra effort. Students that experience stereotype threat are just as prevalent. I can say that I fit into this mold. These students do in fact try to hard. They try so hard to prove the stereotype wrong they actually end of proving it. They try so hard not to make mistakes on the test that they do. They try so hard not to contribute to the gap, they actually do. So the reason the gap exist is a combination of many different people that come from different demographics and situations.All of these added together make the achievement gap in test scores. It is clear to see that this gap cannot be explained by one theory. Too many blacks c ome from to many different situations for this to be the case. So we can see that when these are added up it amounts to the gap in test scores among other things. So how can it be fixed? Just like there is not one factor contributing to the gap, there is not one way to fix the gap. The solution would be more of a chain reaction effect. The problem starts in the inside city where the lazy I dont care attitude is prevalent.These are the people that create the negative stereotype black people have. So the blacks that are doing better than these people and are trying to do better in life have to bear the burden that the ghetto blacks place on them. The people that apply to Hughes theory are ashamed of them. The people in Shelby Steeles theory are lazy because the world is trying to integrate them (the ghetto blacks). And the people in Claude Steeles theory are working so hard to overcome the stereotype the ghetto blacks have laid on them.Until the blacks from the inner city change not hing will. The blacks in the higher rungs of life cant change their ways, in this case test taking ways, until the burden placed on them is lifted. So until the inner city mentality changes, the gap will forever be there. Works Cited CHRISTOPHER, JENCKS. The Black-White Test Score Gap. The New York Times. 1998. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Hughes, Langston. The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain (1926). Welcome to English Department of English, College of LAS, University of Illinois. 926. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Sowell, Thomas. Thomas Sowell Crippled by Their Culture. OrthodoxyToday. org Home. 26 Apr. 2005. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Steele, Shelby. The Age of White Guilt and the Disappearance of the Black Individual. CIR Home. Nov. 2002. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. . Steele, Claude M. Thin Ice Stereotype Threat and Black College Students 99. 08. The Atlantic News and Analysis on Politics, Business, Culture, Technology, National, International, and viands a? TheAtlantic. com. 1999. Web. 25 Oct. 2010. .