Public finance and policy solution gruber Essay

Questions and Problems 1. The government of Westlovakia has just reformed its social security system. This reform changed two aspects of the system: (1) It abolished its actuarial reduction for early retirement, and (2) it reduced the payroll tax by half for workers who continued to work beyond the early retirement age. Would the average retirement age for Weslovakian workers increase or decrease in response to these two changes, or can you tell? Explain your answer. The first policy change, abolishing the actuarial reduction, would tend to lower the average retirement age. The actuarial reduction is intended to make workers approximately indifferent between retiring early and waiting until standard retirement age. With the reduction, early retirees have a smaller benefit over more years. Abolishing that reduction would make early retirement more attractive: the benefits would be just as high as if workers had waited, and they would be paid over more years. The second policy change would increase the return to working later in life and thus would tend to raise the average retirement age. The overall effect would depend on a number of factors. If people discount the future by enough (that is, have a high enough internal discount rate), they will tend to retire early: the benefit is immediate. People who have a lower discount rate will choose to work longer at the lower tax rate. A second factor that would influence the decision is the potential re tiree’s health status or personal (as opposed to statistical) life expectancy. Someone who believes he has a fairly high probability of living long and well late in life will be more likely to opt for later retirement. A third factor that will tend to increase the  retirement age is that the early retirement effect is truncated at the age designated for eligibility: even people who choose to retire early will only be able to retire a few years earlier than before in order to benefit. People who choose to retire later may retire many years after the standard retirement age. 2. When you called her last night, your grandmother confided that she is afraid to sell her home because doing so will affect her Social Security benefits. You told her that you’d call her back as soon as you read Chapter 13. Now that you’ve read it, what will you say to her about how her benefits will change when she sells her house? Social Security benefits do not change with changes in the value of assets held by the beneficiary. The formula used to calculate benefits under Social Security is based on earned income only. Your grandma’s Social Security benefits will not be affected by the sale of her house. 3. Congressman Snicker has proposed a bill that would increase the number of years of earnings counted when computing the Social Security Average Indexed Monthly Earnings amount from 35 to 40. What would be the effects of this policy change on the retirement behavior of workers? Would the Social Security trust fund balance increase or decrease? Why? Workers may work longer if their best 40 years counted rather than their best 35. Generally, you would expect earned income to increase over a worker’s lifetime; thus, the last several years are likely to yield higher income than the first several years. Being able to count 5 more high-earning years  would induce some workers to remain in the workforce to increase their calculated benefits; if they did not work longer, that 40 years might include some very low or zero-earning years (when the worker was in his or her twenties, possibly still in school). Increasing the number of years of earnings counted would certainly increase the trust fund balance if it caused people to delay their retirement: people would be paying in longer and withdrawing for fewer years. Offsetting that increase would be the increased benefits payable by including 5 higher-earning years in calculating benefits. This offset may not be huge, though. The highest-earning workers would not increase their benefits by very much due to the redistributive nature of the calculations. Low-wage earners who have zero or very-low-wage years among the 40 would have a lower average on which to base the benefit calculation. In addition, by including 5 more years, people who did not delay retirement would have an even lower calculated benefit: their lifetime average would include those low-wage summer or entry-level jobs. 4. Suppose the Social Security payroll tax was increased today to 16.4% in order to solve the 75-year fiscal imbalance in the program. Explain the effect of this change on the value of the Social Security program for persons of different ages, earning levels, and sexes. An increase in the payroll tax would reduce the value of Social Security for younger workers relative to older workers. Older workers would benefit from having a more secure plan, and they wouldn’t have to pay in at the higher rate for very long. Younger workers would have to pay the higher rate over many more years, and their benefit calculation would not increase (because the increase in taxes is meant to keep the current system solvent, not to increase benefits). The very-highest-earning workers would not be harmed as much as lower-earning workers because the payroll tax is not imposed on earnings above $87,900 (currently); however, their payroll tax burden would increase. Women generally benefit more from Social Security because they live longer than men. They are also more likely than men to have interrupted their careers to raise their families, so they tend to pay in less. They are  also more likely to receive benefits as a surviving spouse. All of these factors would continue to exist with a higher tax rate. The higher tax rate would be borne by the employed, not by those who receive benefits because of their survivor spouse status. 5. Senator Deal proposes to offer a choice to future retirees: Retire before age 70 and the benefits are calculated on the last 35 years of income; if you retire at age 73, however, you receive benefits calculated on only the last 15 years of income. Which option are high-income workers likely to choose? Low-income workers? Why? A high-income worker may not benefit by much if he delays retirement until age 73, and he would lose three years of benefits. He is likely to choose the earlier retirement age. Assuming no major work interruptions, which is perhaps a more reasonable assumption for a high-wage earner than a low-wage earner, his benefits will be calculated based on his wage since he was in his mid-thirties. These are likely to be fairly-high-earning years, as they begin a decade after a person would have completed his education. Because of the regressive nature of benefit calculations, the higher wages of the last 15 years would yield a low marginal benefit. High-wage earners are also better able to save for retirement in other ways, so they may be able to afford retiring three years earlier. Low-wage earners will be more likely to delay retirement until age 73. They would lose three years of benefits, but their benefits, once they do retire, will be higher if their income is higher in the last 15 year s of work. This option will be particularly attractive if these workers had some low- or zero-earning years over the course of their working lives. In addition, calculated benefits are a higher percent of  average monthly wage for these workers, so they stand to lose less by working more years. 6. A recent study found that people nearing retirement age were more likely to retire early if they experience large windfall gains (that is, sudden large increases) in the value of their homes. The author of that study concluded that this is evidence that Social Security and private savings are substitutes. What are the strengths and weaknesses of this argument and of the empirical evidence? It seems intuitive that all sources of private wealth combined substitute for, or augment, Social Security, particularly among higher-earning workers, because their Social Security benefits will not replace as high a percentage of their pre-retirement wage. If Social Security benefits are expected to be a relatively small component of post-retirement income, as may be the case for higher-earning workers, then the official Social Security retirement age might be less influential in retirement timing. A sudden increase in the market value of an asset (like housing) might be more influential in the timing decision. One concern this scenario poses, though, is the direction of causality. The implication is that the windfall gain caused early retirement by giving the retiree more money on which to retire. However, retirement may have led to realization of the windfall gain. Increases in the value of a person’s home are realized upon the sale of that home. Perhaps people sold their h omes and realized the gain because they were retiring and relocating. Even under this interpretation, though, the windfall gain would contribute to the retiree’s income, augmenting Social Security benefits. A second concern is that increases in home value are a relatively illiquid form of private savings. Extending this particular correlation (housing value and retirement) to a general statement about private savings requires a bit of a leap of faith. Data on other savings and investment value might help clarify this interpretation. Perhaps these retirees had anticipated inflation in the housing market and included it in their retirement plan portfolio—a portfolio that included assets and Social Security benefits. Finally, other correlates must be considered. A windfall gain in the housing market may be correlated with geographic location, as housing booms can be local in nature. A gain may also correlate to membership in a demographic group that tends to buy the kind of real estate that is most likely to appreciate and that tends to retire early. Suburban businessmen, for example, may tend to fall into both groups. 7. Senator Dare suggests lowering Social Security benefits by reducing the rates at which Average Indexed Monthly Earnings are converted to the Primary Insurance Amount. Senator Snow instead proposes reducing the rate at which benefits are indexed to inflation so that when the Consumer Price Index rises by one percentage point, Social Security benefits rise by less than one percent. Which proposal will benefit the elderly more? Senator Dare’s suggestion immediately and certainly reduces the benefits paid to retirees. Senator Snow’s proposal would reduce the benefits gradually, and in unpredictable ways. In times of extremely low inflation, Senator Snow’s proposal would very gradually erode the spending power of retirees’ benefits checks. However, suppose the plan were to increase benefits by, for example, 90% of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) each year. The following year,f the Cinflation-adjuste 10. Dominitz, Manski, and Heinz (2003) present survey evidence suggesting that young Americans are extremely uncertain about the likelihood that they will receive any Social Security benefits at all. How might demographic trends in the United States contribute to this concern? The most obvious trend in this regard is the aging of the baby boom generation. Young Americans are aware that, in a few years, the baby boom generation will become an extremely large body of retired people. Exacerbating that retiree population bulge is the fact that people live longer now than they have in the past. Those baby boomers will be around for a long time, collecting their Social Security checks. In addition, family sizes are smaller. Baby boomers may have grown up with several siblings, but they had fewer children as adults. Therefore, there will be fewer workers contributing for each baby boomer collecting. 11. The Social Security Administration Web site has a link to a publication entitled Social Security Programs Throughout the World. The European version is online at http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2002-2003/europe/index.html. Pick any two countries in Europe and compare the key attributes of their social security programs. Which of these two countries do you think will have the greater rate of early retirement? Why? Responses to this question will obviously depend on the countries chosen. There are fairly wide variations in the ages at which retirees become eligible for benefits in different countries. Retirement age is lowest in Slovenia, at 58 for men and 54 for women. Other Eastern European countries, such as the Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and Serbia, also have low ages of eligibility. These countries should see relatively low rates of retirement prior to the local age of eligibility, because eligibility occurs at relatively young ages. In contrast, the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Iceland, and Norway have the highest age of eligibility, 67. Holding health status equal across countries, countries in which eligibility occurs at older ages should experience higher rates of retirement prior to eligibility. It is difficult to generalize given the different currencies and complex structures of individual countries’ rules. However, most  countries generally provide an amount equal to a percent of average working wage. Some calculate it based on a fairly short window of working years; in Serbia, for example, the base is calculated using the best ten consecutive years. Advanced Questions 12. Suppose the Social Security system becomes fully privatized, so that all individuals save for their own retirements. Consider two of the various alternative methods of paying off the legacy debt of the program. (One such example is double taxation of existing generations of workers.) Compare and contrast the benefits and drawbacks of each potential â€Å"solution.† An inescapable problem with the Social Security system is that it pays current retirees from current workers’ taxes. If current workers were to â€Å"own† their own Social Security accounts, there would be no flow of funds available to pay current retirees, as their deposits have already been paid to the preceding generation. By double taxing a single generation, the system could switch over, but members of that one generation would have to pay their parents’ benefits as well as fund their own retirement accounts. That is a serious burden to impose on them. However, it would only have to be done once. Subsequent generations would simply fund their own retirement accounts. Another possible solution would be to increase payroll taxes over a longer time period to retire the legacy debt over several generations, while allowing current and future generations to invest privately. The high taxes necessary to accomplish this solution, however, would offset much if not all of the gains from investing in higher-yielding stock funds. An alternative to increasing taxes is reducing benefits. Several options exist to accomplish this reduction. One way would be to increase the full benefits age of retirement and adjust early retirement benefits to be actuarially neutral. An advantage of doing this is that it adjusts Social Security rules to reflect longer and healthier lives among people in their sixties and seventies. Not everyone in those age groups can continue to work, however, and this change would impose a hardship on them. In addition, there is something essentially unfair about changing the rules of the program after people have been paying into it for their entire working lives. A similar objection would be raised if the system were changed to reduce the benefits paid to the wealthy elderly. This approach seems reasonable; after all, those retirees who are wealthy do not need Social Security to stay out of poverty. But they paid into the program and perceive it to be more of a pension than an anti-poverty program. Making the program more ambitiously means-tested (as opposed to just redistributive) changes the nature and perceived legitimacy of Social Security. 13. Does Social Security provide much benefit in terms of consumption smoothing over the retirement decision? Contrast Social Security with a different social insurance program, unemployment insurance, which provides income support for half a year to individuals who have lost their jobs. Do you think that unemployment insurance is likely to pro vide more or less consumption smoothing than Social Security? Unemployment insurance smooths consumption over discrete, fairly brief, unanticipated interruptions in work; Social Security allows retirees to remain out of poverty after stopping work. Retirement is not a surprise. In the absence of Social Security (and even in its presence), people with foresight plan and save for retirement. Social Security payments alone are not enough to allow retirees to maintain their pre-retirement consumption level, but they do substantially reduce the number of retirees in poverty. The purpose of Social Security was not to allow retirees to maintain pre-retirement income (that is, to smooth consumption) but to help them avoid poverty. Unemployment insurance is much more explicitly aimed at  consumption smoothing between employment spells. It allows people to maintain their standard of living over intermittent dips in income. Thus, Social Security provides less consumption smoothing than does unemployment insurance. 14. Edwards and Edwards (2002) describe evidence that following a social security reform in Chile that reduced the implicit tax on working in the formal sector, informal sector wages rose. What do you think is the mechanism at work here? In equilibrium, prices and wages tend to equalize. In the case of Chile, if formal sector wages are particularly low, people will choose to work in the informal sector. One reason formal sector wages are low is that those wages are taxed. When tax rates are high, more people seek work in the untaxed, informal sector. However, when tax rates fall, as they did in Chile, the effective wages in the formal sector increase and people exit the untaxed sector to accept jobs in the formal sector. Wages in the informal sector must then increase to retain those employees who are tempted by higher after-tax wages elsewhere. 15. Suppose that you had information about the amount of private savings during the years before and after the introduction of the Social Security program. How might you carry out a difference-in-difference analysis of the introduction of the Social Security program on private savings? This data would be helpful in determining the extent to which Social Security crowds out private savings, but there may be reasons for savings rates to change that are unrelated to the introduction of Social Security. You could use difference-in-difference analysis to distinguish between differences in private savings that are related to general trends in saving behavior and those that are associated with the introduction of Social Security. Depending on how many years of data you have, you could determine the difference in savings rates between pairs of years preceding the change. You could also determine the difference in saving rates between pairs of years after the introduction of Social Security. Then you would want to investigate differences in savings rates in the years immediately before and after the institution of Social Security. This test is meant to determine whether that difference is statistically significantly different from the patterns of differences measured for pa irs of years in which there was no change. Specifically, if savings rates fell between the year immediately preceding Social Security and the year of the change by more than it fell for other pairs of years, you would have evidence consistent with crowding out. 16. Suppose you find evidence that high school dropout workers are more likely to retire at age 62 than are college-educated workers. You conclude that these workers do so because they are more liquidity-constrained than are other workers. Can you think of alternative explanations for this finding? One possible explanation is that less-well-educated workers are more likely to have jobs that are relatively more physically demanding and particularly difficult to continue after age 62. Similarly, the physical wear and tear of demanding jobs may leave these workers unable to comfortably work later in life. Another possible explanation is that these workers have already had their 35 best years: they began working at a younger age than college-educated workers and their upward mobility is constrained, so they will be unlikely to have high salaries later in life. Finally, higher education is correlated with better health; less-welleducated workers may  retire fairly early if they anticipate having a reduced life expectancy. 17. Consider an economy that is composed of identical individuals who live for two periods. These individuals have preferences over consumption in periods 1 and 2 given by: U = log(C1) + log(C2). They receive an income of 100 in period 1 and an income of 50 in pe riod 2. They can save as much of their income as they like in bank accounts, earning an interest rate of 10% per period. They do not care about their children, so they spend all their money before the end of period 2. Each individual’s lifetime budget constraint is given by C1 + C2/(1 + r) = Y1 + Y2/(1 + r). Individuals choose consumption in each period by maximizing lifetime utility subject to this lifetime budget constraint. a. What is the individual’s optimal consumption in each period? How much saving does he or she do in the first period? Optimizing the utility function subject to the budget constraint yields max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) subject to C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 100 – C1 + 50/(1 + 0.1), or max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + ÃŽ »(145.45 – C1 – 0.91C2). This yields first-order conditions of 1/C1 = ÃŽ »; 1/C2 = 0.91ÃŽ »; and 145.45 = C1 + 0.91C2. Solving for C1 yields 0.91C2, and substituting into the budget constraint yields C2 = 79.92, C1 = 72.73, and savings in the first period are 100 – 72.73 = 27.27. b. Now the government decides to set up a social security system. This system  will take $10 from each individual in the first period, put it in the bank, and transfer it to him or her with interest in the second period. Write out the new lifetime budget constraint. How does the system affect the amount of private savings? How does the system affect national savings (total savings in society)? What is the name for this type of social security system? The new budget constraint reduces first-period income by $10 to $90 but increases second-period income to $50 + $10(1 + r): C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 90 + 50/(1 + r) + 10(1 + r). Solving, C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 90 + 45.45 + 11 = 146.45. Following the same procedure as in a, you would find savings by solving the constrained optimization problem: max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + ÃŽ »(146.45 – C1 – 0.91C2), which yields C2 = 80.47, C1 = 73.22, and total savings are 10 + (90 – 73.22) = 26.78. This social security system is a funded plan because the money that is paid in during the first period is used to pay the benefits in the second period. c. Now suppose that the existence of the new social security system causes an individual to retire in period 2, so he or she receives no labor income in period 2. Solve for this individual’s new optimal consumption in each period in this case. What is the new level of private and national savings? Does this differ from the level of savings in part b, and if so, why? (Explain intuitively.) The new budget constraint is C1 + C2/(1 + r) = 100. The new optimization problem, then, is max U = ln(C1) + ln(C2) + ÃŽ »(100 – C1 – 0.91C2). Solving, C2 = 54.95, C1 = 50 and, savings are 100 – 50 = 50. Total savings is greater with earlier retirement, as this consumer must save enough during the first period to completely finance consumption in the second period. 18. For each of the reforms listed below, briefly discuss the pros and cons of the reform, paying attention in particular to efficiency implications (through potential behavioral responses to the change) and equity implications (who wins and who loses). [Note that all reforms are intended to save the system money, so you do not need to list this as a benefit.] a. Increase the number of years used to calculate benefits from 35 to 40. Increasing the number of years used to calculate benefits could lower benefits, because more low- or zero-earning years would be included in a retiree’s average wage. To avoid this reduction in benefits, workers might choose to delay retirement so that they had 40 high-earning years included in the calculation. Workers who spent many years in college and graduate school might be most vulnerable, as they will have had fewer fulltime working years by the time they reach retirement age. Similarly, workers who have had some interruptions in their employment, to raise a family or to retrain for a new career, for example, will also have to delay retirement in order to avoid inclusion of zeroor low-wage years. b. Reduce benefits for beneficiaries with high asset levels (wealth). Means-testing, by considering asset levels, would increase the redistributive nature of Social Security but would induce some perverse behavior. People might be able to increase their benefits by hiding assets, by setting up trusts or other entities, for example. They might also change the timing of selling some of their assets in order to retain Social  Security benefits, which distorts resource mobility, an efficiency concern. While this plan may appear to benefit the less wealthy at the expense of the wealthy elderly, it seems vulnerable to loopholes and evasive behavior. c. Add new state and local government workers to the pool of covered workers (i.e., they pay payroll taxes now and receive benefits when they are old). Broadening the tax base to include these workers would yield a net increase to the system. Current Social Security participants will, over their lifetimes, pay in more than they withdraw. Therefore, increasing the number of workers covered provides a net increase to the cash flow in the system. The new workers stand to lose from this system relative to a plan in which they had their own retirement accounts (because with Social Security they will pay in more than they receive), but the Social Security system benefits. This new rule may induce some to exit these jobs, but since most workers are covered by the system, they will have little choice as to where else to work to avoid this tax. d. Gradually increase the normal retirement age (NRA) from 65 to 70 (under current laws, the NRA will gradually rise to 67 by 2022; the proposal is to speed up this process so the NRA will be 70 by 2022). Gradually increasing the normal retirement age will save the fund money by reducing the number of years during which retirees can collect. People who need to retire earlier for health or physical limitation reasons will be adversely affected. If they are able to, they may attempt to find less physically demanding work or they may increase private savings in order to be able to afford to retire earlier. Note: The icon indicates a question that requires students to apply the empirical economics principles discussed in Chapter 3 and the Empirical Evidence boxes.

Surah Al Fatina Guide

INTRODUCTION OF SURAH AL FATIHAThe word â€Å"Fatiha† comes from the verb â€Å"Fataha†, which means in this text â€Å"to open†. â€Å"Al† is a defined article and Fatiha means the opening Surah, which opens the Quran. Some Muslims interpret it as this surah has ability to open a person's faith in Allah. It is the Mecci Surah of the Holy Quran, which means that it was discovered on the Prophet of God while He was in Makah, It also has the honor of being the very first Surah that is made known completely. Although it consists of 7 Ayahsonly, but it still explains the Veneration of the Almighty in a very comprehensive fashion and also is a great means of supplication of asking Allah for keeping one on the right path. It is also named Umm al-Qur'an, the Mother of the Qur'an, and Umm al-Kitab, the Mother of the Book because it summarizes the meaning of whole Quran. It is also named Sab'ul-Mathani, (the Seven Often Repeated Verses), Al-Hamd, (the Praise), Al-Shifa (The Cure) and Ar-Ruqya, the Spiritual Cure. Its recitation is a condition for the effectiveness of the prayer.VIRTUES OF SURAH FATIHASurah Al Fatiha has many virtues. Some of them are briefly defined here:It is cure of diseases such as Snake sting, Epilepsy or any otherillness. A companion once recited Al-Fatihah over a scorpion bite, to which the Prophet commanded him saying:†How did you know it was a Ruqyah (cure)?†(Sahih Al Bukhari)It is the greatest chapter of Quran.It is pillar of the prayer as Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) said: â€Å"Whoever does not recite SurahAl Fatihah in his prayer, his prayer is invalid†.†(Sahih Al Bukhari)It is the seven oft-repeated verses because it is repeated in everyunit of prayer.It is mother of Quran.It was sent from Heaven as a light. An Angel addressed the Prophet(SAW) saying:â€Å"Rejoice in two lights brought to you which have not been brought to any prophet before you, Al-Fatihah and the last verses of Al- Baqarah†It is cure for heart as it protects heart from offensive motives.THEME OF SURAH FATIHAIt declares that God alone is the maintainer of all the known and the unknown worlds, ultimate source of mercy, justice and guidance for mankind. Only He can guide man to the way of life acceptable to him though he doesn't compel anyone to follow that way. Instead, in the words of the Quran, it is man's duty to beg before Him for guidance: Allah said in Quran that: call on Me,I shall answer your supplication† (40:60). He also tells man the consequences of following this code of conduct or going astray. Therefore, man needs to praise and worship him and resort to him alone. AsHe is the supreme justice and everybody will have to answer Him on the day of Judgement for his worldly deeds.TAFSEER OF SURAH ALFATIHA1. In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.This statement is also known as the basmala.Baa means In the name of Allah or seeking help or blessing with the name of ALLAH.As in Arabic language it has three different meanings.The Meaning of al-Rahman and al-Raheem:Both these names are derived from the same root letters: raa, haa, meem; which means to have mercy. They are thus similar in meaning and both are connected to Allah's (SWT) Mercy. Allah has started the first surah with his names of mercy rather than might and power that shows that how important this characteristic is.And there also exist a difference between Al Rahman and AL Raheem. Al-RahmanIt is Allah's mercy to all the creation as in one of hadith it is mentioned that Allah has divided his mercy into 100 parts and only one part is sent down to this dunia.It is from this one part of His Mercy that animals show mercy to their offspring (Sahih Muslim)Allah says in QURAN: My Mercy encompasses all things. (Al-A'raf: 156) Al-RaheemAl-Raheem indicated the Mercy of Allah which is specific for the believers. It indicated the doing of action that only those people have mercy who believes in Allah.Allah says in Quran: He is full of mercy to the believers (Al-Ahzab:43)2. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worldsAccording to scholarsHamd and shukar has same meaning i.e.Thankfulness or gratitude. But in actual they have some difference i.e.Hamd is something which must be done with love and reverence, but shukr does not need this. Shukr is done in response to a favour which is done to a person but hamd is done simply because the one being praised and thanked is wor thy of that.Rabb:Rabb comes from the root letter Raa; Baa, Baa means one having control over something. SoRaab means one who controls or cherishes everything and is the king and master of everything. In case of ALLAH; He is alone the master whole universe and cherishes it.Aa'lameen means everything that exists other than ALLAH TALA which includes those things which have an intellect, and they are four i.e. mankind, Jins, angels and devils. It also includes those things which have souls. But it is believed that the view about everything that exists other than Allah is best because of proofs being ayah 23 and 24 of Surah Shu'ara.Said Pharaoh, â€Å"And what is the Lord of the worlds?† (23)[Moses] said, â€Å"The Lord of the heavens and earth and that between them, if you should be convinced.†(24)3. The Entirely Merciful, and beneficial Here these two names are repeated to again emphasis on two important attributes of Allah that is mercy. When something is repeated in Quran pak we see ayah before it and after it to see how they are related. Here the previous ayah told the power of Allah that He has the control over everything yet again here Allah defined Himself as the most merciful as well and tells that His taking of and sustaining and providing for us is all part of his mercy towards us. 4. Master of the Day of Judgment The first word of this ayah can be recited in two ways: either as â€Å"Maalik† (with a madd after the meem) or as â€Å"Malik† (without the madd). Maalik means master, and it refers to â€Å"milk† – the ownership of something. Malik means king, and it refers to â€Å"mulk† – the dominion of a person. It is the Day of Recompense for deeds. Everyone will be gathered on this day. Some will be rewarded through His Mercy while others punished through His Justice. Allah specifically mentions His sovereignty alone on the Day of Judgment in this verse because no one will claim anything on that day and no one will be allowed to speak except by His permission. For some scholars it is the most alarming ayah of Quran whereas some scholars says it's the most calmest ayah of Quran which gives ry of hope to people that there would be day of justice. 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help.At this point, there is a shift in the Surah from informing us about Allah (SWT) and praising Him, to addressing Him.â€Å"We worship† means we obey. Worship is obedience and self-abasement. It means to humble yourself before Allah (SWT) and to submit to His Will. Outwardly it is self-abasement, but in reality, it is glory and beautification. The ayah affirms the Lordship of Allah and affirms that worship is due to Him.â€Å"Iyyaakanasta'een† means we seek help, support and success.It also refers the status of the slave and his worship which is lower so it will come after mentioning the Lord, Allah (SWT).This verse is a proof that the slave is not allowed to divert any type of worship to other than Allah. The verse also contains remedy for the hearts from the illness of being attached to other than Allah. There is also a cure in it against spiritual diseases of showing off, self-admiration, and arrogance. 6. Guide us to the straight pathThis part of Surah Al-Fatiha is dua in which we asks ALLAH to show us right path so that we do good deeds to get closer to Allah. We need to struggle towards Allah (SWT) by doing good deeds and by staying away from all bad deeds which will distance us from Him.The word â€Å"siraat† in ayah means path. But it is not any other ordinary path rather it has certain conditions which has to be fullfilled.Theseconditions are that it must be straight path. It must reach the goal and it must be shortest route to achieve the goal. Otherwise it would be called something else such as tareeq or sabeel.The word â€Å"Mustaqeem† in ayah is derived from istaqaama, which means to be straight, upright, and correct. We already said that for a road to be a sirat it must be straight, so this adjective of mustaqeem again emphasis the straightness of this Path. Another meaning of mustaqeem is to remain firm or to stand firm without tilting. For example, a tree that is firmly grounded when the wind blows it is not affected by it. So, the Straight Path is a path on which people are firmly grounded.7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray. Who are the people who have been blessed by Allah (SWT) and whose Path we ask to guide to? This is explained by Allah (SWT) in another ayah where He says: † Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has favored, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. â€Å"(Al-Nisa': 69) So, the favored and blessed people are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious. And who are the people with anger on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. ‘AdiibnHatim (RA) asked him about those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him about those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is reported by al-Tirmidhi and is authentic.IMPACT OF SURAH AL FATIHA ON MUSLIMSSurah Fatiha has great impact on Muslims. According to some scholars this surah opens the faith of people. And repeatedly recitation of Surah Fatiha brin gs one closer to Allah. It drive us to ensure that we are sincere to the meaning of words that You alone we worship and to You alone we ask for help. This Surah gives Muslims ray of hope that they will have justice on the day of judgment as ALLAH has said He is the Master of the day ofjudgement.And this Surah helps us to seek guidance from Allah and thank Allah always when we have something from all. Muslims have great belief that by reciting Surah Fatiha they can cure diseases. Apart of that, This Surah always remind us through reciting that all praises belongs to ALLAH and He is the only one who worth worshiping. And it reminds Muslims that they have to return back to Allah one day and He will ask about their worldly deeds so they try not to commit bad deeds and act upon the commands of Allah.

E-Research Proposal Hand Book.Pdf

Hand Book Of M. S / M. Phil & Ph. D Research Proposal / Synopsis Compiled By: Mr. Nasir Shaheen Additional Registrar & Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D Programs Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar. e Left Blank Intentionally 4 Preface As a rule, the main components of a research study are nearly the same in all disciplines throughout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and citation are used by the researchers in their research work i. e.APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc. Nonetheless, every established university develops its own customized format for its students’ facilitation in presentation of research proposals and theses. This handbook is compiled to facilitate the M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D students of Qurtuba University in developing their research proposals and to bring an overall uniformity in their research proposals. The format suggested in this handbook is mandatory for all M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).Further, the students are required to prepare their research proposal under the supervision of their respective supervisors. The purpose of the research proposal / synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed research proposal needs to include certain basic components, in which a number of questions are to be addressed. Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the objectives of the study and how these will be achieved? What methodology is to be used to carry out the study?An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a sound research project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research. 1 1 – Preliminary Section 1. 1 Title Page: The title page of the research proposal / synopsis should include title of the research project, name of the student (with qualifications), name of the supervisor(s), place of work and date (month and year) of submission. The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and well formulated in order to show the nature of work involved as far as possible (See Sample) . 2 Certificates: The following certificates should be attached after title page: i – Detailed Marks Sheet (part of the proposal) iii – Approval Certificate (as a part of the proposal / synopsis) 1. 3 (See sample) Table of Contents: List the sections of proposal / synopsis and page references. Use hierarchy of titles and sub titles. 2 2 – Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis 2. 1 Introduction: It should provide a brief description to introduce the area of the proposed research work and provide background information relating to the social / political / historical / educational / organizational (etc) context of the study. . 2 Literature Review: A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given in the review should be supported by references. The function of the literature review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you will focus on in your review. Literature review is not expected to be extensive for the proposal / synopsis.You should demonstrate critical analysis and your review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your theoretical orientation. 2. 3 Research Problem / Questions: A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes specifically what the problem is that you intend to solve. It explains what problems or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to ex plore them. 3 2. 4 Research Objective: The General /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research to the general body of knowledge in the subject area.The Specific Objectives should state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved. 2. 5 Hypotheses (Optional): The students may include hypothesis of the study in their proposal depending on the nature of the research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate Hypothesis (H1). 2. 6 Methodology: The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying methodological pproach to be adopted for the proposed research work the followings may be documented in this section: Research Design and Method †¢ Indicate which research design is to be adopted/used (if any) †¢ Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the methodology? †¢ Discuss and justi fy your choice of research method †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study †¢ Describe how the adopted method will be applied Research Type †¢ Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a Case study method? Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc will be adopted and used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected results of the proposed study †¢ Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments /approaches to your study. 4 †¢ Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches will be applied or used Data Collection Methods (if applicable) †¢ Clearly indicate as to whether you are going to use primary or secondary data †¢ Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i. e. provide a theoretical perspective). †¢ Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.P opulation and Sampling Procedures (if applicable) †¢ Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of different components of the population, clearly indicate this †¢ Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that will be carried out to analyze the results In brief the guiding principle for writing the methodology section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your proposal. . 7 Significance of the Study: While documenting the significance of the research you need to indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend the frontiers of existing knowledge in the area under investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance. The documentation of the sign ificance of the study should, among other things, address the following questions: †¢ What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the proposed research work will make to the area/body of knowledge? What will be the expected results/outcome of the proposed research? †¢ What will be the practical implications/use of the expected results/outcome? †¢ How will the expected results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come about through its implementation (if any)? 5 †¢ What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to arise from the expected outcome/findings or results of the proposed study? †¢ What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research work? . 8 Limitation: Document the potential weaknesses or the possible limitations of the expected results/outcome of the proposed study and the limitations of the approaches, procedur es, methods etc to be adopted to achieve the expected results of the proposed study. Also to be included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study. 2. 9 References & Bibliography: A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is based should be included. Only references cited in the text are to be included in the reference list. The tudents of Social Sciences should use APA style for citation while students of Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation. The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the last part after References in alphabetical order. 2. 10 Student Profile: A comprehensive student profile consisting of bio data, educational qualification and professional background of the student should be the last part of the proposal. The student profile should be made as per suggested format. [see sample] 6 3 – Referencing and Citation – For Social Sciences All the students of Social Sci ences i. . Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations and Education are required to use the following style of referencing and citation in their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing) 3. 1 Handling Quotes in the Text †¢ Short quotations (fewer than 40 words) are incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ Long quotations (more than 40 words) are typed in a double-spaced block with no quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the usual opening paragraph indentation.Give citation information in parentheses ( ) after last sentence in block quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses. If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks (‘ ‘). If you have a quote within a block quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks (â€Å" †). †¢ †¢ †¢ Ellipsis point s (†¦) are used to indicate material omitted from the body of a quotation, but should not be used at the beginning or end of a quotation. 3. 2 In-Text Citation Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The author’s last name and the publication date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, following the material cited. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included. Works by a single author: If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the name: Ex: Hacking (1998) covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome. If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the author’s last name and the year, separated by a comma:Ex: The article covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome (Hacking, 1998). If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not needed. Ex: In a 1993 article, Gould explains Darwin’s most successful theory. 7 For exact quotations, cite specific page numbers following the year. Ex: Emily Bronte â€Å"expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social† (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). For paraphrased passages, page numbers are encouraged, but not required. The year is required. For an online source with no pagination:If page numbers are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation â€Å"para. † to indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes. Ex: In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4). Works by two authors: Provide the last names of both authors. Use the word â€Å"and† to separate the names in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation. Ex: As Sul livan and Thomas (1998) point out†¦ Ex: The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas, 1998). Works by more than two authors:Use the last names of all authors in the first citation. Then, in all following citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by â€Å"et al. † Ex: Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex: According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time. Works with no author identified: When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a periodical or book; use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.Ex: in the book Language Use (1991). Ex: article on language use (â€Å"World languages,† 1993). Secondary Sources: When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the o riginal author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase â€Å"as cited in† for your in-text reference. Ex: As Villa points out, â€Å"Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low† (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996). Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews): Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text only.Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date: Ex: L. J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009). Ex: (A. N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009). 8 3. 3 Reference List: BOOKS Note: In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. Author’s name. (publication date). Title. City and state of publication: Publisher. Books by one author Ex: Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip wi thin. New York, NY: Random House. In-text citation: (Alvarez, 1999). Books by two to even authors Authors’ names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of publication. City and state: Publisher. Ex: Strunk, W. , Jr. , Jones, T. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed. ). New York, NY: Macmillan. In-text citation: (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979). List the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last Author’s name. Books with 8 or more authors Ex: Engberg, M. , Dugan, J. P. , Haworth, J. , Williams, T. , Kelly, B. , Johnson, W. , †¦ Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of higher education in preparation program administration.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. First in-text citation: (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly, Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009). Subsequent in-text citations: (Engberg, et al. , 2009). Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. Books by a group, (date). Tit le. City: Publisher (When the author and publisher are institutional, or the same, use the word â€Å"Author† as the name of the publisher). corporate authors Ex: Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made incredibly easy. Springhouse, PA: Author. In-text citation: (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).For a book with an editor but no author, begin with the name of the editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation â€Å"Ed. † (or â€Å"Eds. † for more than one editor) in parentheses. Books with Editors Ex: Duncan, G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds. ). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. In-text citation: (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 9 Ex: Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well- being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds. ), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press. In-text citation: (Haybron, 2008).Cite as you normally would, but add information about the e ditor in parentheses after the book title. A book written by an Ex: Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed. ). author but overseen by an New York, NY: Anchor. editor For a book with a chapter written by an author but edited by another person In-text citation: (Plath, 2000). 3. 4 Reference List: ARTICLES Author’s name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds. ), Title of reference book. (Vol. #, pp. #). Location: Publisher. Article or entry in a reference book Ex: Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed. , Encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington, D. C. : Oxford. In-text citation: (Field, 2002). Ex: Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed. ), The encyclopedia of psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY: Wiley. In-text citation: (Schizophrenia, 1983). Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers may continue throughout the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1. After t he italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized, but do not use Vol. ) followed by the page numbers at the end of the citation (do not use pp. ) Articles in scholarly Author(s). (date).Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume journals and periodicals #, page #s. paginated by volume Ex: Spitch, M. L. , Verzy, H. N. , & Wilkie, D. M. (1993). Subjective shortening: A model of pigeon s memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14-66. Articles in journals paginated by issues In-text citation: (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993). When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume # (issue #), page #s. Ex: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 0 News magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to include vo lume and issue numbers if available. Articles in magazines (7. 01. 7) Articles in newspapers (7. 01. 7) Ex: Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). There’s more than one way to play monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36. In-text citation: (Cortese, 1998). Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced with â€Å"p. † (or â€Å"pp. † for multiple pages). Ex: Haney, D. Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17. In-text citation: (Haney, 1998). 3. 5 Reference List: ELECTRONIC SOURCES (Including: Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library databases) If you cannot find some of this information for your reference, cite what is available. Note: The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital object identifier number (DOI) must be included if one is assigned. â€Å"A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet† (American Psychological Association, 2010, 189).Note: If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available, use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved. Note: Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis). Note: Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are to be written in italics and all major words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics. 11 Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of document. Retrieved from electronic addressEx: Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from http://nationaleatingdisorders. org/p. asp? WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID= 41172 Web sit e (Not a periodical article) Articles from an online journal Articles from an online magazine U. S. government report from a government agency Web site An online video In text citation: (Shiltz, 2002). Ex: Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania professor of the year. Retrieved from http://www. northampton. edu/Northampton- NOW/What-anHonor. htm In text citation: When referring to a specific piece of nformation, include paragraph numbers in the reference. Use â€Å"para. † Example: (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3). Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from electronic address Ex: Royce, W. S. , Gebelt, J. L. , & Duff, R. W. (2003). Female athletes: Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 5662. Retrieved from http://www. athleticinsight. com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl etes. htm In text citation: (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of artic le. Title of Magazine, Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).Retrieved from electronic address. Ex: Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online, 289(5). Retrieved from http://www. theatlantic. com/issues/2002/05/rauch. htm In text citation: (Rauch, 2002). Ex: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from http://www. atf. gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an nrpt. pdf In text citation: First citation: (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms [ATF], 2002). Second and subsequent citations: (ATF, 2002). Ex: Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retreived from 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vja83KLQXZs A blog post In-text citation: (Norton, 2006). Ex: Grohol, J. M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/ In-text citation: (Grohol, 20 09). Author(s). (Year of publication). Title [information about format or version if available]. doi or website that document was retrieved from. Online Book (E-Book) Ex: Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from http://www. netlibrary. com/ In text citation: (Thompson, 1997). Ex: Schinraldi, G. R. (2001).The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10. 1036/0071393722 In text citation: (Schinraldi, 2001). 3. 6 Reference List: MEDIA Single episode from television series Video Ex: Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director). (1994). The one with the blackout [Television series episode]. In K. Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers), Friends. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. In-text citation: (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994). Ex: Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R. (Director). (2006).Fast Food Nation [DVD]. Beverly Hills, CA: Twenti eth Century Fox Home Entertainment. In-text citation: (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006). 13 3. 7 Reference List: GENERAL REFERENCE DATABASES Please note: The name of the database used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer needed. Including: Britannica Online, Credo Reference, and Gale Virtual Reference Library Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com In text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2001). Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed. ), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed. pp. 473477). Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com In text citation: (Steinberg, 2001) 3. 8 Reference List: GENERAL SUBJECT DATABASES General reference format: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi: xx. xxxxxxxxxx Please note: If there is not a digital object identification number (DOI), include the home page of the database in the reference. Use this format: Retrieved from http://www†¦ Including: Pro Quest Central and EBSCOhost Examples (without DOI): Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55(5), 452-454.Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: (Edmondson, 2002). Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , & Porterfield, K. (2003, Summer). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from http://proquest. umi. com In text citation: First citation: (Saldinger, Cain, & Porterfield, 2003). Subsequent citations: (Saldinger et al. , 2003). Example (with DOI): Fox, K. , Gover, A. , & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The effects of low self-control and childhood maltreatment on stalking victimization among men and women. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi:10. 007/s12103009-9064-4 In text citation: (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009 14 3. 9 Reference List: CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATABASES CQ Research er Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http://library. cqpress. com In-text citation: (Clemmitt, 2009) (magazine—â€Å"Issues and Controversies†) Child care. (2009, October 22). Issues and Controversies on File. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Child care,† 2009) Facts on File (magazine—â€Å"Today’s Science†) A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Today’s Science. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. comIn-text citation: (â€Å"A reverse on reverse revolution? ,† 2009) (â€Å"World News Digest†) Swine flu: U. S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved from http://www. 2facts. com In-text citation: (â€Å"Swine flu,† 2009) Horrigan, J. B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J. D. Torr (Ed. ), Current Controversies: The Information Age (n. p. ). San Diego, C A: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Horrigan, 2003) Opposing Viewpoints ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. O Neill (Ed. ), Opposing Viewpoints Digests Series: Biomedical Ethics (n. . ). San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (â€Å"ACLU urges Senate committee,† 1999). Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge Patriot Act provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3. Retrieved from http://find. galegroup. com In-text citation: (Epstein, 2005) 15 3. 10 Reference List: SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATABASES Access Science Ex: Stack, S. M. & Anderson, L. K. Chromosome. doi:10. 1036/1097-8542. 134900 In text citation: (Stack & Anderson, 2000). The African American Experience Ex: Loucky, J. , Armstrong, J. , & Estrada, L. J. (2006). Asylum.In Immigration in America today: An encyclopedia (n. p. ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved from http://aae. greenwood. com In text citation: (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada, 2006). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession No. xx). Location: Publisher. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com Ex: Unruh, D. , Bullis, M. , Todis, B. , Waintrup, M. , Atkins, T. , & National Center on Secondary Education and Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for special education students in alternative education settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on SecondaryEducation and Transition (NCSET), University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost. com ERIC First in text citation: (Unruh, Bullis, Todis, Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary Education and Transittion, 2001). Subsequent citations: (Unruh et al. , 2001). Ex: Dunlap, G. , & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (Accession No. Washington, D. C. : Office of ED436068). Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED). Retrieved fr om http://search. ebscohost. com In text citation: (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999). 16 History Databases: US Ex: O’Brien, P. (2000).Viewpoint: Yes, internment of Japanese Americans was necessary for national security because some of them were suspected of disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R. J. Allison (Ed. ), History in dispute: Vol. 3. American social and political movements, 1900-1945. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://galenet. galegroup. com In-text citation: (O’Brien, 2000). Hoover’s Online Ex: Murray, B. (n. d. ). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from http://premium. hoovers. com In-text citation: (Murray, n. d. ). CINAHL Ex: Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with ADHD: Demons or delights (Accession No. 2003096143).Advances in Nursing Science 26(2), 131-139. Retrieved from search. ebscohost. com In-text citation: (Frame, 2003). PsycArticles Ex: Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of Psychologists’ responses t o The Bell Curve. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 34(3). 287-293. doi:10. 1037/0735-7028. 34. 3. 287 In-text citation: (Alderfer, 2003). PubMed Central Ex: Weiss, M. , & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov In-text citation: (Weiss & Murray, 2003).Westlaw Campus Ex: Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and civil liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Retrieved from http://campus. westlaw. com In-text citation: (Lobel, 2002). 17 4 – Referencing and Citation – For Literature and Linguistics Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as possible while directing the reader to the correct reference. †¢ †¢ More than one author with same name Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same): (A. Patterson 183; L. Patterso n 230) †¢ Two or three authors Give all author names: (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii) †¢ 4. 1Single author Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number: (Marcuse 197) In text: Tannen has argued this point (178–85) More than three authors Follow the bibliographic entry: (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given Books A Book by a Single Author Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, 2002. An Anthology or a Compilation Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994. Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference: The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of Its Writers.Cheltenham: New Clarion, 1992. Two or More Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. †¦ if necessary) Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, a nd Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979. —, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967. —, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1963. 18 A Book by Two or More Authors Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997. If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. â€Å"and others†), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they appear on the title page. Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Or Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993. Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same A Book by a Corporate Author American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York: Random, 1989.A Work in an Anthology Allende, Isabel. â€Å"Toad’s Mouth. † Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83–88. Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication and a period. Franklin, Benjamin. â€Å"Emigration to America. † 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston: Faber, 1992. 24–26.An Article in a Reference Book â€Å"Noon†. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Mohanty, Jitendra M. â€Å"Indian Philosophy. † The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 1923–1967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York: Delta-Dell, 1973. xv–xvi. If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in 19 quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part. Brodsky, Joseph. â€Å"Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality. † Foreword. Winter Dialogue .By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston: HydraNorthwestern UP, 1997. vii– xviii. An Anonymous Book Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York: Somerset, 1993. A Translation Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: Norton, 2001. Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York: Penguin, 2001. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York: Continuum, 2001. A Multivolume Work Blanco, Richard L. , ed. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyc lopedia. 2 vols. Hamden: Garland, 1993.Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1969–76. If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume: Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York: Cambridge UP, 2000. A Book in a Series Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. Jack Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7. Berkeley: U of California P, 1991. A Republished Book Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York: Knopf-Random, 2001. A Book with Multiple Publishers Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 895. London: Dent; Rutland: Tuttle, 1992. A Government Publication Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future: A Fair Deal for Rural England. London: HMSO, 2000. New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the T wenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990. 20 Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774–March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong. , 2nd sess. Misc. Doc. 67. Washington: GPO, 1885.The Published Proceedings of a Conference Hualde, Jose Ignacio. â€Å"Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque. † Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc. , 2000. 348–58. Freed, Barbara F. , ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf. , Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington: Heath, 1991. An Unpublished DissertationBoyle, Anthony T. â €Å"The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516– 1657. † Diss. New York U, 1983. A Published Dissertation Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nurnberg, 1982. Erlanger Beitrage zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nurnberg: Carl, 1982. 4. 2 Journals and Newspapers An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Hanks, Patrick. â€Å"Do Word Meanings Exist? † Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000): 205–15. Mann, Susan. â€Å"Myths of Asian Womanhood. † Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000): 835–62. An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separatelyAlbada, Kelly F. â€Å"The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on Television. † Journal of Communication 50. 4 (2000): 79–110. Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers. 21 An Article in a Newspaper J eromack, Paul. â€Å"This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor. † New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed. : B7+. Abbreviate months as follows: Jan. , Feb. , Mar. , Apr. , May, June, July, Aug. , Sept. , Oct. , Nov. , Dec. An Article in a Magazine Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. â€Å"Exploding Myths. † New Republic 6 June 1998: 17–19.An Anonymous Article â€Å"Dubious Venture. † Time 3 Jan. 1994: 64–65. A Special Issue Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18. 3 (1995): 535–711. Somin, Ilya. â€Å"Do Politicians Pander? † State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review 14. 2–3 (2000): 147–55. A Legal Source New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001. 4. 3 Electronic Publications Basic Entry Document from Internet Site Zeki, Semir. â€Å"Artistic Creativity and the Brain. † Science 6 July 2001: 51–52. Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 . Entire Internet SiteElectronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib. , U of Virginia. 19 June 2002 . Online Books Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi. com. 4 Oct. 2002 . Keats, John. â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. † Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby. com: Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002 . United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002 . 22 Online Periodicals Butler, Darrell L. , and Martin Sellbom. â€Å"Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning. † Educause Quarterly 25. 2 (2002): 22–28. Educause. Aug. 2002 . Publications on CD-ROM, Diskette or Magnetic Tape It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different. Braunmuller, A. R. , ed. Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York: Voyager, 19 94. E-mail Communication Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002. 23 5 – Formatting and Presentation 5. 1 Page Size and Quality: AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum paper weight should be 80 grams. 5. 2 Page Setup / Margins: At least 1? -1? inches (3. 17-3. 81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 – 1 inch (2 2. 54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ? 0. 75 inches (1. 27 – 1. 90cm) at the outer edge. 5. 3 Page Numbering: The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ? inch (1. 27 cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated. 5. 4 Font: New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis. 5. 5 Font Size: Title Page 22 (Bold) Chapter Titles 16 (Bold) Headings 14 (Bold) Sub Headings 12 (Bold) Text 12 Footnotes / End notes 10 Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted 5. 6 Paragraph Setting: Line spacing sh ould be 1. 5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl + J).No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space between paragraphs for differentiation. 5. 7 Number of Copies: The students are required to submit 20 to 25 copies (as per coordinator’s directive) other than the master copy, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR). 5. 8 Binding: Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding for the rest of copies. 5. 9 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal: The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the program coordinator on the following e-mail address: [email  protected] edu. pk 25 Research Proposal The Role of Contingency Employees in Organizational Performance (A Case Study of Islamia College, Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad M. S – Management Sciences Student I. D: 4818 Supervisor Dr. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Department of Management Sciences ________________________________________________________________ Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar. 26 Recommendation Sheet Certified that the research proposal of Mr / Ms. [Your Official Name], Student I. D # 0000, with the title â€Å"Research Title [ Bold,14pt, Title Case]† has been reviewed and recommended to be presented toBoard of Advance Studies and Research (BOASAR) for final review and approval. ______________________ Supervisor: Dr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 27 Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 2. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. Research Problem / Questionâ € ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 4. Research Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 5. Hypothesis (Optional).. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 6. Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 7. Significance of the study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 8. Scope and Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 9. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 28 The Role of Contingency Employees in OrganizationalPerformance (A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar) By: Nisar Muhammad 1. Introduction: The proposal should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested standard format. 29 Student Profile Paste a passport size e-photo here Name: ____________________________ s/o _________________________________ Program: _________________________ ID #: ____________________ Cell No: _______________________ Land Line No: ___________________________ Email: ____________________________________ Educational Qualification: (Starting From the highest Degree) Certificate / Degree Year Division / GradeBoard / University Professional Experience: S. No Organization Designation From To 1 2 3 4 Personal Statement (a short paragraph about yourself):____________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ (Signature of the student)

Human rights Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human rights - Term Paper Example eived during the First World War â€Å"to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security† under the Treaty of Versailles1 (United Nations a). The name itself, United Nations became formally known during the Second World War when US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the term in the â€Å"Declaration by United Nations† on 01 January 1942 when representatives of 26 nations pledged their nations to fight against the Axis Powers2 (United Nations a). United Nation’s charter was first drafted in a conference of representatives in San Francisco in 1945. It was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries and became officially existent on 24 October 1945 when its Charter was ratified by China, France, The Soviet Union, The United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories3 (United Nations a). United Nations have many achievements that ranged from peacekeeping in war torn countries to providing foods and assistance among those disaster struck countries to promoting human rights. UN is also actively involved in promoting development through its United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It had implemented projects for agriculture, industry, education and environment. It supports more than 5,000 projects with a budget of $1.3 billion and is the largest multilateral source of grant development assistance4 (United Nations b). With regard to human rights, the United Nations has helped enact dozens of comprehensive agreements on political, civil, social, economic and cultural rights5 (United Nations b). It actively investigated human rights abuses and the UN Human Rights Commission has brought the world’s attention on cases of torture, disappearance and arbitrary detention. It also helped generate international pressure on governments to improve their human rights records6 (United Nations b). The United Nations has already achieved a lot in terms of promoting peace, human rights, progress, justice and

Information Assurance and security (secure Online payments) Term Paper

Information Assurance and security (secure Online payments) - Term Paper Example First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to Dr. Zhixiong Chen, Professor and Director, Cyber Security at Mercy College whose sincerity and encouragement I will never forget. Dr. Chen has been my inspiration as I hurdle all the obstacles in the completion this research work; Esmeralda Guzman, Head Director of Social Workers, Head Start, for the moral support despite his just being newly appointed; Tim Coyle., Director of Software Projects at Insurance Service Office, Inc., for his patience and steadfast encouragement to complete this study; I would also like to thank my parents, two elder sisters, and elder brother. They were always supporting me and encouraging me with their best wishes; Last but not the least, my family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for answering my prayers for giving me the strength to plod on despite my constitution wanting to give up and thrown in the towel, thank you so much. Abstract Online payments have been gaining greater impetus in the re cent years. Along with this fact, it has also been observed that e-commerce is also rapidly gaining huge popularity. Although the traditional modes of payments such as cash and checks are still in use, however the modern methods of payments such as online payment system has become more well-liked because of the benefits that it offers to the people. Despite numerous benefits offered by the online payment systems, it has been identified that there are certain lacuna and risks associated with the online payment systems. One such risk is related to the security and privacy of the user’s information. There are many rules and regulations that have been practiced by the regulatory bodies in various countries in order to combat such risks. It is also significant to improve the online payment system by protecting the information provided by the users in a proper manner. Introduction The demand for quick, suitable and safe payment substitutes is increasing rapidly. Along with this, th ere is an alteration in the way commerce takes place in the recent times. One of the easiest ways to identify the significance of electronic payments is to imagine a world without them. In other words, if electronic payments come to a sudden pause then in such circumstances most of the facets of commerce such as trade, travel and internet might confront terrible consequences. Although cash and checks still play a vital role in making payments, there are many problems associated with these payment options such as lack of speed and convenience. These also face issues related to safety demanded by the consumers, governments as well as businesses in today’s fast-paced and ever-dwindling world. It can be mentioned that the extensive utilization of the electronic payments along with the sophisticated network that interconnects many consumers, financial institution and merchants in the world are at the center of commerce (OECD, 2012). The significance of the electronic payments is a pparent not only in industrialized countries but in developing countries as well. There are certain costs associated with the electronic payment systems as well (OECD, 2012). One of such costs is related with interchange where a comparatively small fee is offered to the card issuers by card acquirers. It is worthy of stating that interchange comprises part of most of the expenses that issues are supposed to bear for the purpose of creating the advantage that merchants

The AISD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The AISD - Essay Example It has been viewed that most of the districts in AISD perform their board meetings which are recorded and are available to the citizens through their website (Arlington ISD, 2012). This particular paper will deal with the discussion of the subject matter of introduction of libraries in different schools especially in Texas according to the different board meetings that AISD publishes in their website. Moreover, the implications of the discussion topic i.e. the introduction of libraries in various schools located at Texas synthesizing with the article published by Norman D. Kerr along with the text book i.e. â€Å"The Educator’s Guide To Texas School Law† will be portrayed in the discussion. Implications of the Discussion Topic The board meeting about the introduction of libraries in different schools had a positive implication upon the community of Arlington. While discussing the topic in the board meeting, Cary Siegfried who is the Director of the Department of Librari es belonging to Arlington City emphasized upon the topic of the Library Link program which was established in the year 2007.

Entomology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Entomology - Essay Example Dietary assessment has become an integral part of clinical evaluation and nursing assessment. Good nutrition is not only important for preventing disease, but also for comprehensive management of a sick patient. In this essay, I plan to reflect on the food I consumed over the previous week and compare with US guidelines for dietary consumption. Dietary assessment includes 24 hour recall of food intake of each day of the week, including the type and quantity, calories analysis, estimation of protein, fat and other important nutrients like vitamins and minerals and comparing with standard references for respective age, sex and physiological condition like pregnancy, lactation and adolescence. This is then averaged to per day analysis. One week's recall of food may not be the best guide for nutrition assessment. However, it keeps matter simple for calorie calculation. From my previous week food recall, it is evident that total calorie intake on an average is about 2500 kcal per day, in excess of my requirement. The recommended calorie requirement for my age and sex is about 1900 calories. The protein intake is about 25 grams when I need about 45 grams. Total fat is about 30% (when it should be less than 20%) and mainly constituting saturated fat and dietary fibre is only about 10% (when it should be 30%). Except for some iron and calcium in the breakfast and some vitamins in the snacks, my diet is poor in vitamins and minerals. Also, there is increased consumption of non milk extrinsic sugars in the form of coke and cookies. The diet does not contain fresh fruits or vegetables or starchy staple foods. Nor does the diet contain any milk. Of course, the amount of alcohol is in moderation. Due to the excess calorie intake and predominance of saturated fats and sugary foods, Ana is at risk of chronic diseases like obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arthritis and chronic pulmonary disease. Consumption of acidic foods and non milk extrinsic sugars (like in c oke, pastries, chocolates) are cariogenic and are the beginning of periodontal diseases. Also, diet poor in minerals and vitamins can lead to multi-vitamin deficiencies, anemia and malnutrition. Improper diet can also have a psychological effect leading to depression. It is important for me to refer to the dietary guidelines and alter my diet. First of all, the total calorie value of food should not exceed 2000 k cals. According to the National Food Guide to an adult’s diet, bread, cereals and potatoes should comprise one third of the diet and preferably whole grains. Another one third should comprise of fruits and vegetable

Parity Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Parity Theories - Essay Example This simply indicates uniformity in the prices of fixed number of goods and services and exchange rate of two countries. The roots of this theory lie in the law of one price, which says that homogenous goods should have identical prices universally not including any carrying or shipping costs under the prevalence of perfect competition if the pertinent national prices are stated in a common currency. The law of one price has certain conditions, which must exist in order for this law to be applicable. Firstly, it is the presence of competitive market for goods and services in two countries (EconomyWatch, 2010). Secondly, presence of goods and services that two countries can trade between themselves and lastly, checking of transportation and other operational expenses, which are obstructions in trade. Taking example of McDonald’s Big Mac hamburger prices around the world, one can understand this concept. For this the one should take the prices of all the countries in common curr ency, therefore dollar would be the appropriate one as every currency’s appreciation or depreciation is measured in terms of dollar (Taylor and Taylor, 2004, pp.135-158). In January 2004, the price of hamburger in United States was $2.80 where as in China it was $1.23, least expensive of all countries, this shows that China’s currency was underrated by 56%. ... Moreover, wage rate of the person serving foods at restaurant, rent of place of restaurant, and many other factors in case of businesses other that restaurants, have different costs and values in different countries therefore final prices become very different due to these inputs. In response of question that why countries should adopt Purchasing Power Parity Theory when there are so many discrepancies, one can say that in long-term PPP theory has good effects on the economy of a country. A big retailer may use this theory to find that in what countries products possess lesser prices than the domestic country so that the retailer can approach them. This would increase the demand of that product in the country in which it is of low price leading to increase in price (Murray and Papell, 2005, pp. 410-415). Simultaneously, the countries that were selling the product at a higher price would somehow manage to lower the prices so that demand increases and people purchases from them. Ultima tely, both countries would start offering same prices in spite of differences in the currencies. There are two types of purchasing power parity theories; these are Absolute purchasing power parity and relative purchasing power parity. Absolute purchasing power parity theory suggests that if the prices of goods convert into same currency then a basket of goods would have same cost in the native country as well as abroad. In simple words, absolute purchasing power parity theory assumes that the purchasing power of money should be identical between countries. On the other hand, relative purchasing power parity theory focuses on changes in

Modern variations of the Panopticon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Modern variations of the Panopticon - Essay Example Bentham first introduced this theory. His idea is that a panopticon involves a situation where the observed internalizes the presence of an unseen observer. The observed then enforces those rules via a psychological self-policing process. The observer develops a hidden power over the observed persons both consciously and subconsciously. Therefore, they have the ability to gain control of the behavior of the observed. A good representation of Bentham’s idea of panopticon, as presented in the essay, is the panopticon prison. In this disciplinary facility, prisoners are always within the view of the observer who hides in the tower, which controls their behavior. The panopticon idea is both ancient and modern, since it can be applied in modern lifestyles and situations, like internet browsing. The essay also describes the idea of power as shown in the control of internet browsing. The general ideas presented all show that the panopticon idea is applicable in modern life. The idea of the panopticon entirely depends on the psychology of the persons being observed. It is just another proof of the wonders of mind power. It can achieve more than any other known means. This is because it does not provide temporary solutions and measures. It corrects the behavior of the individual, right from his/her attitude. It shows that the knowledge and acknowledgement of a higher authority can be used to achieve more than it has done in the past. This is because the idea has been applied, with desirable results. Therefore, it is easy to control the behavior of people, if there is a higher authority that can enforce rules. This has high relevance in the management of behaviors on the internet. The heart of the panopticon is the internalization of a power mechanism on the part of the observed, in a system designed in such a way that the observed knows that he is perennially under watch, and where the observer is forever hidden from view

Canadian Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Canadian Cinema - Essay Example Mostly, his films follow a non-linear plot structure meaning that events are placed in a sequence manner to bring out emotional reactions from the audience by withholding key information. Most of his films end with opretic emotional and are mostly rooted in the romantic search through intimacy. David’s style in filmmaking involves exploring people’s fears of body transformation and infection. He tries to combine psychology with physical. From the viewer’s point of view, of of Egoyan’s work has been highly influenced by cronenberg’s sense of remoteness from emotions in his style and narrative. Line of specialization Atom Egoyan is one of internationally recognized figure is known as a stage director and a film maker. On the other hand, David Cronenberg is a known as an actor, film maker and screenwriter. The only similarity between these two Cinema Icons is that they are both filmmakers. Career and commercial success Egoyans career can be classified as pre and post Exotica. Prior to Exotica, the first major release in America, Egoyan was only recognized in Canada for his ultra-low budget films which the government subsidized partially. Such films include Next of Kin (1984), Speaking Parts (1989) and Family Viewing. Exotica, was first produced in the year 1994. The release of Exotica in 1994 made him gain local and international recognition as it marked a transition point in his artistic work. In 1997, he made another film that gave rise to international recognition called The Sweet Hereafter based on an American Novel by Russell Banks. The film made him the winner of 8 GENIE Awards in Canada. In 1998, he was nominated for two awards at the Hollywood academy awards after the release of the sweet hereafter ... In 1998, he was nominated for two awards at the Hollywood academy awards after the release of the sweet hereafter Awards David Cronenberg has several awards. In 2004, he was named 2nd best director in the history of genre by the science Fiction magazine, strange Horizons. In the same year, he was listed 9th among world’s best 40 directors by the guardian. In the year 2007, he was named 17th greatest director by the Total Film. Aton Egoyan has won four awards at the cannes Film and Toronto International festivals. In april 2012, he received TARA Awards. History of studio D It was created as a branch of the National film board to make films and documentaries for and about women in Canada. This happened in 1974 when Kathleen Shannon gave this idea as a recommendation to the Canadian parliament. Kathleen had joined NFB in 1956 and was among the more influential persons who fought for the improvement of the status of women in the board. Initially women occupied a minority role at t he NFB and were give duties as support stuff instead of key roles such as film directing and production. In that year 1974 with the anticipation of the a world’s women day she presented the idea of creating a new studio that would be dedicate to women and their contribution in the film making, to the board. This created a motivating factor for the women working at the NFB to demand for changes and pressurize the government and the public sector to reconsider and improve on the position of women in these institutions. Shannon was then appointed as the pioneer executive producer of the studio d. Some of the things that set studio D films aside from other NFB films Iconic women documentaries production films created by NFB since it was dedicated to development of films