Hydraulics and Hydrology Lec

48362 HYDRAULICS and HYDROLOGY James E B any Hydrology Component SUBJECT exposit 1 CONTACTS ? Assoc Prof James Ball ? ? ? james. email&160protected edu. au ph 9514 2623 Office Hours ? ? Monday 200 400pm Contact by email for troth SUBJECT CONCEPT The objective of this segment of the subject is ? Introduce plan hydrology ? Introduce hydrological processes ? Introduce flood estimation and ? Introduce engineering hydrology applications in peeing alternatives management. 2 SUBJECT CONCEPT This introduction is aimed at ? Providing an mightiness to apply commonly utilise methods in hydrology and ?Provide an understanding of the conjecture behind these methods. REFERENCES Three references that may be useful ar ? utilise Hydrology Chow, Maidment &038 mays, McGraw-Hill Book Co. ? Hydrology An Australian Introduction Ladson, Oxford University Press ? Australian peltingfall &038 overflow A Guide to barrage melodic theme Engineers Australia No published persist stemmas are available for this subject. 3 SUBJECT DOCUMENTS UTS-Online will be used for distribution of ? Copies of lambast slides ? Reading material and ? Tutorial problems. Students should note that surplus reference books may be noted in the lecture slides.LECTURE twist Each Hydrology lecture period will comprise ? 2 hr lecture and ? 1 hour tutorial. It is expected that students will have accessed the lecture slides, reading material and tutorials prior to the lecture period. 4 SUBJECT TIMETABLE troth Topic 27 February Hydrology and pee Resources 5 March Meteorology 12 March Hydrologic Data 19 March shape up body of urine system 27 March Storm overflow 2 April Hydrologic determination 9 April Design Rainfall 1 May Peak Flow Estimation 7 May Hydrograph Estimation Part 1 13 May Hydrograph Estimation Part 2 14 May Environmental Flows 21 May Water Sensitive Urban Design 4 JuneCourse Review HYDROLOGIC troll Lecture 1 5 CONTENT ? Introduction to Hydrology ? Development of Hydrolo gy ? Hydrologic circle ? Australian Hydrology INTRODUCTION 6 interpretation OF HYDROLOGY Greek word Hydor => wet &038 ology => study of Hydraulics comes from Greek word hydraulikos which in turn comes from hydor (Greek for piss) and aulos (meaning pipe). DEFINITION OF HYDROLOGY UNESCO (1979)1 defines hydrology as the physical science which treats the water systems of the Earth, their Occurrence, Circulation and Distribution, their Chemical and Physical Properties, and their reaction with the Environment. UNESCO, (1979), Impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on water resources readying and management, Studies and Reports in Hydrology, UNESCO, UNESCO, Paris. 7 irrigate Water is essential for maintenance of life. primeval civilisations were concentrated on rivers ? ? establishment of settlements near rivers analogous to looking for signs of water on Mars Management of water is multi-disciplinary umteen professions are involved. body of water Variety of problems enc ountered include ? Flood mitigation ? Sanitary sewer systems ? dirt drainage ? Water Supply ? Culvert and bridge name ? Environmental Flows ? wear ?Mine tailings ? Drought ? Adaptation to climate change ? Irrigation systems ? Hydro-electric and power generation ? Stormwater systems 8 RURAL FLOODING URBAN FLOODS 9 STORM body of water STRUCTURES STORM peeing DRAINS 10 WATER SUPPLY HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER 11 IRRIGATION SCHEMES DROUGHT 12 using OF HYDROLOGY antediluvian patriarch civilisations were integrated with their river valleys. Examples are ? ? ? ? ? Egyptian Civilisations and the Nile Valley Mesopotamian Civilisations and the TigrisEuphrates Indian Civilisations and the Indus Valley antediluvian China and the Yellow River Andean Civilisations and Coastal Peru emergence OF HYDROLOGYMany of structures from early civilisations are still in operation. Large scale irrigation and drainage works were associated with these civilisations. early recorded impede is about 2900BC (the Sadd Al-Kafara at Wadi Al-Garawi, 25km south of Cairo) Used for some(prenominal) flood protection and irrigation. Also site of earliest known dam failure. 13 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Oldest surviving dam in the world is the shocking Anicut Dam on the Kaveri River in Southern India. This structue dates back to second century AD. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Water supply to Ancient capital of Italy has been estimated as cosmos approx 500L/c/d.Current water supply requirements are ? ? ? Australian cities, design approx. 430L/c/d Australian cities, actual approx. 230L/c/d US cities, design approx 600L/c/d Drainage structures (such as the sewer Maxima) from Ancient Rome are still being used today. 14 ANCIENT ROMANS Cloaca maxima Bath, UK AQUEDUCTS Pont du Gard, France c19 BC Hampi, India 1st century AD 15 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Flood protection has been practiced for thousands of years along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It remains an electric receptacle of concern in these airfi elds to the current day. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Water has been of interest for many years.Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers speculated on a hydrologic cycle Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Lucretius, Seneca, Pliny. This cycle was genuine from their observations of water in their environment. Use of observations remains a perfect component of current hydrologic applications and research. 16 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Chinese recorded observations of rain ? ? ? An-yang visionary bones as early as 1 two hundredBC Used rain gauges or so ascorbic acid0BC and Established systematic records about two hundredBC. Indian records date back to 400BC. DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Scientific development of hydrology occurred uring the Renaissance period. Examples are ? ? ? Leonardo da Vinci stop piece distributions in streams. Bernard Palissy springs originated from pelting. Pierre Perrault runoff is a fraction of pelting. 17 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY Other contributions during this period wer e made by ? ? ? ? ? Galileo Newton Bernoulli Euler Lagrange DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY earthshaking scientific development occurred in the 19th Century when ? ? ? ? ? Dalton proposed the principle of evaporation. Hagen-Poiseuille exposit capillary flow. Mulvaney certain the Rational method. Darcy described mathematically porous media low. Rippl developed methods for determining storage requirements. 18 DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGY 20th Century axiom rapid development of quantitative hydrology. Biggest influence during this period was the development of the digital computer and the development of catchment modelling systems. Limitation now is data availability rather than calculation capacity. HYDROLOGIC cycle 19 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE One of the fundamental cycles of nature. Basis for the science of hydrology. Important points ? ? ? ? Cycle has no start and no end. Cycle is continuous. Flow of water in the cycle is not continuous.Water moves unpredictably through the cycle. HYDROLOGICA L CYCLE 20 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE 21 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE General components of the cycle are ? Atmospheric Water ? Surface Water ? Ground Water In analysis of water resource problems, these components are treated with a systems approach. 22 SYSTEMS CONCEPT A systems opinion is applied when considering the hydrological cycle or some component thereof. This is consistent with the reductionist concept used in many engineering problems. SYSTEMS CONCEPT The reductionist philosophy is base on reducing the system to a number of smaller omponents. The response of the system then is determined from summation of the responses of the individual(a) components. 23 SYSTEMS CONCEPT WATER symmetricalness 24 WATER BALANCE Amount of water does not change. Where it may be found does change. Water maybe found in the seas and oceans, in the atmosphere, on the surface, below the surface, and in biological systems. WATER BALANCE ITEM Oceans Polar applesauce Groundwate r Lakes poop Moisture Atmospheric Water Rivers Biological Water ?Water tawdriness (km3) % TOTAL WATER 1. 338 x 109 96. 5 24. 0 x 106 1. 7 23. 4 x 106 1. 69 187. 9 x 103 0. 0138 16. 5 x 103 0. 0012 12. 9 x 103 . 001 2. 1 x 103 0. 0002 1. 1 x 103 0. 0001 1. 386 x 109 atomic number 6. 0 UNESCO, 1978 ref 11, ladson ch1 25 WATER BALANCE Not all water is novelwater. Only approx 2. 5% of the water is fresh water water in the oceans and some lake water and ground water is saline. Considering only fresh water, the values in the previous table are modified to WATER BALANCE UNESCO, 1978 ITEM VOLUME (km3) % TOTAL WATER Polar Ice 24. 0 x 106 68. 6 Groundwater 23. 4 x 106 30. 1 103 0. 26 dry land Moisture 16. 5 x 103 0. 05 Atmospheric Water 103 0. 04 Rivers 2. 1 x 103 0. 006 Biological Water 1. 1 x 103 0. 003 ?? Fresh Water 35. 0 x 106 00. 0 Lakes 187. 9 x 12. 9 x 26 WATER BALANCE Basis of any volume based problem is a water balance. This is a usage of the concept of continuity. In general , application of continuity gives in volume terms Inflow bounce = Change in Storage (? S) And in flux terms Qi Qo = ? S / ? t WATER BALANCE Components of inflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Precipitation (P) ? Inflow from rivers or groundwater (I) 27 WATER BALANCE Components of outflow for a water body such as a lake or reservoir are ? Evapo-transpiration (ET) ? Outflows Extractions, Downstream flows, (O) and ? Seepage (G)WATER BALANCE Hence the water balance for a water body is P + I O ET G = ? S 28 WATER FLOWS While the volume of water in a source is important, the flux of water through a component is important also. An indication of the flux can be obtained from the plot of the hydrological cycle. WATER FLOWS The Global yearly Water Balance is shown on in units relative to the annual volume of precipitation on land masses. Note that this is a flow rate (km3/yr). 29 WATER FLOWS ? Precipitation ? ? ? ? grunge 119,000 km3/yr (800mm/yr) Ocean 458,000 km3/yr (1270mm/yr) Total 577,000 km3/yr Evaporation ? ? ? arrive 72,000 km3/yr (484mm/yr) Ocean 505,000 km3/yr ( cxl0mm/yr) Total 577,000 km3/yr WATER FLOWS ? Runoff to Oceans ? ? ? Rivers 44,700 km3/yr Groundwater 2,200 km3/yr Total Runoff 47,000 km3/yr (316mm/yr) 30 WATER FLOWS Considering the volume and flux gives the mean residence times in a particular source. The mean residence time for atmospheric water is obtained by dividing the volume (S) of water in the atmosphere by the flux (Q), ie TR ? S 12,900 ? ? 0. 022 yr ? 8. 2 age Q 577,000 WATER FLOWS ITEM Oceans Polar Ice &038 Glaciers Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Rivers Atmosphere Biological WaterTR 2600 years 1100 years 700 years 13 years 155 days 13 days 8. 2 days 3. 4 days 31 Australian modality AUSTRALIAN mood of droughts and flooding rains 32 RIVER RUNOFF Australia has low runoff per unit area (average depth of surface runoff). Also, Australian runoff has greater variability due(p) to lack of snow melt period. rainwater COMPARISON Variability of Annual rain 20 18 Coefficient (%) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 A ustralia S. A frica Germany France NZ India UK Canada China USA Russia Country 33 AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS Marked wet summer and dry winter of northern Australia.Wet summer and low winter rainfall of southeast QLD and northeast NSW. Uniform rainfall in southeast Australia. Wet winter and dry summer of sou-west WA and parts of the southeast. Arid area comprising about half of the immaculate More on BoM website 34 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL Pluviometer mesh Daily Read Network PRECIPITATION 35 AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL City Average Annual Rainfall (mm) Average Number of Rain Days Darwin 1714 111 Sydney 1217 138 Brisbane 1149 122 Perth 786 114 Melbourne 653 147 Canberra 623 105 Hobart 569 135 Adelaide 530 121 Alice Springs 279 31 After Ladson, 2008 AUSTRALIAN CONDITIONSAustralian rainfall is influenced by general circulation patterns. Most of Australia is around 30o latitude which b leed to be areas of descending air. Note that the solar equator moves during the year. 36 AUST. CLIMATE genetic mutation Known major causes Approximate time scale Effect synoptic weather patterns Day / week Weather Southern Annular system Weeks +ve frame => winter rainfall deficiencies in southern Australia summer appends in MDB El Nino / La Nina (Southern Oscillation Index) Inter-annual El nino => lower rainfalls La nina => high rainfalls Indian Ocean Dipole Inter-annual ve phase => increased rainfall +ve phase => decreased rainfall Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation Inter-decadal Flip flops between dryer and wetter periods e. g. 1st half of 20th century wetter than 2nd half The Australian climate influences http//www. bom. gov. au/watl/about-weather-and-climate/australian-climate-influences. html 37 The Australian climate influences The Australian climate topography 38 Seasonal rainfall variation across the body politic Seasonal rainfall variation across the c ountry Mean rainfall Katherine mm Mean rainfall Dubbo mm 240 220 200 180 160 one hundred forty 120 100 80 60 40 0 0 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N J D F Mean rainfall Alice Springs mm M A M J A S O N D Mean rainfall Sydney mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O S O N N D Mean rainfall Perth mm Mean rainfall Strahan mm 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Perth wind rose February J F M A M J J A D Rainfall variability a comparison Annual rainfall Birdsville mm 600 400 200 2000 1980 1960Annual rainfall Bourke mm Annual rainfall Perth 1940 1920 1900 0 mm kilobyte 1400 1200 800 cubic yard 600 800 600 400 400 200 200 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1980 1960 1940 1920 1900 1880 1880 0 0 39 NSW annual rainfall time-series New South Wales Annual Rainfall 1000 900 Dry Per iod 1900 1946 Average Rainfall 477. 7mm *Dry conditions commenced 1890 Standard difference 90. 4 Wet Period 1947 2000 Average Rainfall 573. 9mm 20. 1% increase Standard Deviation 127. 0 800 New Dry 2001/06 439. 5mm 23. 4% extraction Rainfall (mm) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 40